This review focuses on the fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis put forward by David Barker and his colleagues,recent advances in epidemiological studies and experimental research in this field.Barker Hypothesis states that environmental factors,particularly intrauterine nutrition,as indicated by birth weight,operate in early life to program the risks for adverse health outcomes in adult life.A large growing body of reports described the association between the early development and adult diseases,such as diabetes,hypertension,coronary heart disease,abnormal lipids metabolism,obesity and cancer,etc.Experimental studies show that the changes of some key genes' expression,caused by epigenetic modifications,lead to a permanent alteration of cellular proliferation and differentiation and finally the genesis in key tissues and organs.These results bring about the impairment in structures and functions and the increased susceptibility to chronic diseases in adult life.The hypothesis provides a new perspective for the prevention and therapy of chronic diseases.

BACKGROUND:Stem cel transplantation is increasingly hoped to promote osteoblast differentiation and inhibit osteoclast proliferation in the treatment of osteoporosis.
OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effect of exogenous adipose-derived stem cel (ADSC) transplantation on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats.
METHODS:Thirty Sprague-Dawley female rats were equivalently randomized into sham, model, ADSC transplantation groups. Rats in al groups except the sham group underwent bilateral ovariectomy to make osteoporosis models. Surrounding adipose tissues instead of the ovary were removed in the sham group. After modeling, rats were given 2×106ADSCs at passage 4via the tail vein in the transplantation group and the same volume of normal saline in the model group, once a week. After 6 weeks, levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase as wel as bone mineral density and histomorphometry indicators were detected in rats.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the sham group, the trabecular bone volume fraction was significantly decreased in the model group (P < 0.01), but remarkably increased after ADSC transplantation (P < 0.05). After modeling, the bone trabecular absorption surface percentage and rate of bone trabecular formation were elevated significantly (P < 0.05 orP < 0.01), while these increases were improved by ADSC transplantation (P < 0.05). Additionaly, the levels of serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase and bone mineral density were significantly decreased after modeling, but were increased after ADSC transplantation. In contrast, the serum level of phosphorus was significantly increased in the model group (P < 0.05) but decreased markedly in the ADSC transplantation group (P < 0.05). To conclude, ADSC transplantation can reduce the loss of bone mass in osteoporosis rats by ovariectomy.

Objective To investigate the change of tear film function in patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) between acute exacerbation and non-onset phase.Methods This was a prospective controlled study.Functional assessment of tear film was performed in 30 eyes of 15 patients with SAC (SAC group) between acute exacerbation and non-onset phase and 15 healthy controls (control group).The tear film function included tear film break-up-time (BUT),Schirmer I test (SIt) and tear film interferometer imager measurement.Results BUT was significantly decreased in SAC group on acuteexacerbation compared with that on non-onset phase and control group [(6.97 ± 1.56) s vs.(11.27 ± 1.39),(12.00 ± 1.11) s],and there was significant difference (U =20.50,P =0.000;U =1.00,P =0.000).Moreover,BUT in SAC group on non-onset phase was similar as control group(U =322.00,P ＞ 0.05).There was no significant difference in SIt among SAC group on acute exacerbation and non-onset phase and control group(P ＞ 0.05).In tear film interferometer imager measurement,80.0％(24/30) was Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade,20.0％(6/30) was Ⅲ grade in control group,20.0％(6/30) was Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade,80.0％(24/30) was Ⅲ-Ⅴ grade in SAC group on acute exacerbation,60.0％(18/30) was I-Ⅱ grade,40.0％(12/30) was Ⅲ-Ⅴ grade in SAC group on non-onset phase,and there was significant difference between SAC group on acute exacerbaiion and SAC group on non-onset phase,control group (x2 =19.27,P =0.000; x2 =8.40,P =0.004),and there was no significant difference between SAC group on non-onset phase and control group (x2 =1.98,P＞0.05).Conclusion SAC can cause the instability of tear film during the acute exacerbation,whereas this instability can be recovered within the non-onset phase of S A C,which is close to the normal control

Purpose:To analyze the immunophenotype character of malignant lymphoma with bone marrow involvement by means of Flow Cytometry (CD45/SSC gate).Methods:Bone marrow of malignant lymphoma patients was detected by Flow Cytometer(CD45/SSC gate),bone marrow smear was simultaneously performed as control.Results:(1) Bone marrow of 34 malignant lymphoma patients was examined by Flow Cytometry.23 cases were detected to have bone marrow involvement.(2) Among these 23 cases,19 cases were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL),4 cases were Hodgkin's lymphoma(HL).The highest frequency antigen marker of B cell NHL was CD19 and CD20,T cell NHL was CD7,and HL was CD9.Conclusions:(1)Flow Cytometry(CD45/SSC gate) is a feasible and effective method to detect patients with bone marrow involvement.(2) The antigen marker of B cell NHL is CD19 and CD20,T cell NHL is CD7 and HL is CD9.

Objective To perform expression and to detect immunogenicity of Clostridium difficile Toxin B receptor binding zone(CD3).Methods The clostridium difficile toxin B C-terminal repeated gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET 22b(+),and the recombinant plasmid pET 22b(+)CD3 was then transformed into E.coli strainBL21(DE3).The E.coli strainBL21(DE3) containing pET22b(+)CD3 was induced with IPTG and analyzed with SDS PAGE.Results A 71.3 ku protein was harvested after inducing with IPTG and thin layer scanning which takes 34% of the total bacterial protein,22.7% of the supernatant and 24.9% of the inclusion body.The contentration of recombinant protein is 0.781 g/L identified by Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 chromatometry method.Conclusion The high expression and purification of clostridium difficile toxin B receptor gene lay a foundation for the further study on CD3 function and clostridium difficile vaccine.

Background Laser assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) is one of surgical procedures for refractive correction.Dilute alcohol that is used for the removal of epithelium during LASEK induces the apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells.Researches showed that thymosin β4 (Tβ4) can arrest apoptosis, but whether Tβ4 plays inhibitory effect on ethanol-induced damage of corneal epithelial cells is still unelucidated.Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of Tβ4 on ethanol-induced rabbit corneal epithelial cell damage in vitro.Methods The corneal tissue of deendothelium was obtained from 10 New Zealand white rabbits.Corneal epithelial cells were cultured in vitro by using explant culture method.Cultured cells were identified by detecting the expression of keratin 12 and connexin 43 with reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).The cells of second generation were collected and divided into 4 groups.The cells were regularly cultured in the normal control group, and Tβ4 was added in the culture medium at the final concentration of 1 μg/ml in the Tβ4 treated group.Ethanol-induced rabbit corneal epithelial cell damage models were established by adding PBS containing 20％ alcohol in medium for 20 seconds in the model group,and Tβ4 was added in the medium of model cells at the final concentration of 1 μg/ml in the model+Tβ4 group.The survival rate of the cells was detected by MTT assay, and the apoptosis rate of the cells was examined by TUNEL method.The relative expression levels of cyclin D1 mRNA and cyclin-depensent protein kanase 4 (CDK4) mRNA in the cells were detected by real-time flurescenee quantitative PCR.The content of bcl-2 protein in the cells was detected by ELISA assay.Spectrophotometry was employed to measure the activity of caspase-3.The study complied with the Regulation for the Adminstration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The mean cell survival rate was (52.1 ± 14.07) ％ in the model group,which was significantly reduced in comparison with 100％ of the normal control group and (77.7± 19.60) ％ of the model+Tβ4 group (P=0.001 ,P=0.035).TUNEL staining revealed more positive cells in the model group and the model+Tβ4 group,and the percentage of TUNEL positive cells was (30.0±6.7)％ in the model+Tβ4 group, showing an evident decline in comparison with (42.4±4.0)％ of the model group (P=0.01).The relative expression levels of cyclin D1 mRNA and CDK4 mRNA were 0.93±0.17 and 0.88±0.09 in the model+Tβ4 group, which were significantly higher than 0.68±0.05 and 0.54±0.07 in the model group (P=0.027,0.002).ELISA assay exhibited that bcl-2 content in the cells was considerably lower,and caspase-3 activity was significantly higher in the model group than those in the model+Tβ4 group (P =0.030,0.021).Conclusions Tβ4 plays a protective effect on rabbit corneal epithelial cells from apoptosis by lowing the caspase 3 activity and increasing bcl-2 content in ethanoldamaged rabbit corneal epithelial cells.In addition, Tβ4 promotes the regrowth of corneal epithelial cells by upregulating the expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4.

Objective To explore the concentration of pregnancy associated plasma-A(PAPP-A),insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)in indicating the instability of atherosclerotic plaques in patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes(NSTEACS).Methods Totally 65 patients with confirmed NSTEACS were subjected,including 30 non-ST elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI)and 35 unstable angina(UA)patients.Another 28 stable angina pectoris verified with vascular stenosis by coronary angiography(CAG)and 30 healthy matched individuals served as control.Serum levels of PAPP-A,C-reactive protein(CRP)and cTnT were measured respectively by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA),rate nephelometry(RN),and microparticle enzyme immunoassay(MEIA).Correlation analysis was made among different groups.Results Serum PAPP-A,IGF-1 and CRP levels in NSTEACS group were significantly increased in comparison to SAP group and control group(P

Objective To observe the correlation between platelet parameters , platelet activation marker and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods One hundred and ninety-five type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into the normal control group, the CIMT increased group and the clot group according to the carotid intima-media thickness. Levels of platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet hematocrit(PCT), urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 (11-DH-TXB2) and other clinical, biochemical characteristics were measured. Results (1) Levels of serum LDL-C, MPV, PDW, urinary 11-DH-TXB2 and clinical course in the clot group were higher than those in the CIMT increased group and the normal control group (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the normal control group, the clinical course, serum LDL-C, MPV, PDW and urinary 11-DH-TXB2 were higher in the CIMT increased group (P < 0.05). (3) By using with spearman rank correlation test, carotid intima-media thickness was positively associated with age , course , BMI , GLU , GHbA1C , LDL-C , MPV , PDW and urinary 11-DH-TXB2, whereas carotid intima-media thickness was negative associated with HDL-C, PLT (both P < 0.05). (4) MPV, PDW and urinary11-DH-TXB2 were shown as the independent risk factors for CIMT. Conclusions Platelet activation marker and platelet parameters are associated with carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Pain due to chronic soft tissue injury of the neck and shoulder is a commonly encountered and frequently occurring condition. Traditional Chinese medicine is a common course of treatment for soft tissue injury and may have better therapeutic effects than biomedical options.

Objective To understand willingness of current medical undergraduates to work at community health-care service(CHS)institutions after their graduation to provides information for professional training for them.Methods Totally,2714 medical undergraduate students were recruited from three medical schools in east,middle and west China by multi-level sampling methods for questionnaire survey on their basic information and willingness to be employed at CHS institutions.results of the survey were described by relative numeric and tested by chi-square test for smtistical inference.Results About 60.6%of medical undergraduate students were willing to work at CHS organizations permanently or temporarily.Their willingness to work there differed with their native living areas and grades they were studying significantly(P＜0.01).Reason for those they would work at CHS organizations after graduation included work less stress and easier,and that for those reluctant to work there included low-income and lack of social respect for general practitioners.Conclusions Nowadays,few medical undergraduate students would like to work at CHS organizations after their graduation,which was influenced mainly by traditional ideas and concepts of employment,personal career devdopment,economic income,and so on.It is suggested that ideas of community work be strengthened for medical undergraduate students and their employment concepts be changed in the future.