Graduate education is the highest level in Chinas education system.Internationalization of China's graduate programs is a marked feature and an obvious trend of the current development of higher education.It is also a crucial development strategy for higher institutions to become worldclass institutions,and further could help strengthen national power and increases national competitiveness under the background of economic globalization.This paper analyzes the current situation of internationalization of China's graduate education,and discusses some issues that we are facing in this development process.Suggestions and countermeasures are also made for the development process and creating world-class universities.

Comprehensive therapy is the leading method to improve the overall survival for patients with advanced gallbladder cancer, especially the study of new chemotherapy regimen are on demand.From 2010 to 2011, a phase Ⅲ study of new chemotherapy regimen in the treatment of advanced gallbladder carcinoma would be undertaken nationwide to assess the clinical outcome and safety, in 31 clinical centers led by the department of General Surgery of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and a total of 260 patients would be accrued for this study.Chemotherapy consists of 2 regimes, conventional regime(cisplatin, epirubicin, and 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin)and new regime(conventional regime plus somatostatin).At present, the study has been approved by Clinical Trial Registration Platform of National Institutes of Health in U.S.A., and more than 30 patients are rolling in the study.The clinical trial could provide the high-quality evidence of EBM(evdence based medicine)for the chemotherapy of advanced gallbladder caner, and it will be one of the important components in the large-scale clinical study of chemotherapy for the advanced gallbladder cancer in China and worldwide.

Objective To investigate the roles of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (pGSK3β) and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) in hypoxic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury in rats.Methods Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group,a cerebral ischemia group,and a hypoxia preconditioning group (n =20 in each group).A model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced by the modified suture method.Before the preparation of MCAO model,the rats in the hypoxia preconditioning group were put into a hypobaric oxygen chamber at a simulated altitude of 5 000 m (pressure:0.53 × 105 kPa;partial pressure of oxygen:81 mmHg;1 mmHg =0.133 kPa),3 h a day for 5 days.At 24 h after MCAO modeling,the rats were subjected to neurobehavioral score (n =6) and cerebral infarction volume measurement (n =6).Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression levels of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) and pGSK3β (Ser9) (n=7).Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of pGSK3 β (Ser9) and pSTAT3 (Tyr705) in the ischemic cortex (n =7).Results The neurological deficit score (1.833 ±0.408 vs.2.667 ± 0.516;t =3.101,P=0.011) and cerebral infarction volume (18.137％ ± 0.801％ vs.24.125％ ± 0.694％;t =13.840,P＜ 0.001) in the hypoxia preconditioning group were significantly lower or smaller than those in the cerebral ischemia group.Immunohistochemical staining showed that the numbers of NeuN positive cells in the cerebral ischemia group and the hypoxia preconditioning group were significantly less than that in the sham operation group (48.000 ± 1.414/high power field [HPF],124.833 ± 3.061/HPF,and 213.500 ± 2.429/HPF;F =7 150.550,P ＜ 0.001),the hypoxia preconditioning group was significantly more than the ischemia group (P ＜0.001);the numbers of pSTAT3 positive cells in the cerebral ischemia group and the hypoxia preconditioning group were significantly higher than that in the sham operation group (57.667 ± 1.366/HPF,29.167 ± 1.941/HPF and 3.500 ± 1.049/HPF;F =1 962.649,P ＜0.001),and the hypoxia preconditioning group was significantly less than the ischemia group (P ＜0.001).Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of ischemic cortical pGSK3β and pSTAT3 in the cerebral ischemia group and the hypoxia preconditioning group were significantly higher than those of the sham operation group (pGSK3 β:2.336 ± 0.102,0.876 ± 0.196 and 0.440 ± 0.012;F =1 610.826,P ＜ 0.001;pSTAT3:8.368± 0.230,4.883± 0.123 and 0.595± 0.138;F=4018.051,P＜0.001),the hypoxia preconditioning group were significantly lower than the ischemia group (all P ＜0.001).Conclusions Hypoxia preconditioning has neuroprotective effect for ischemic brain injury in rats.It may be associated with the down-regulation of the expressions of pGSK3 and pSTAT3.

Background Study confirmed that the active microglia may injure retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in retinal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), and increased cx3cr1 expression is an important factor in microglial activation,and thus blocking the expression of cx3cr1 can inhibit microglial activation, which may be useful in neuronal protection.Objective This study was to analyze the protective effects of cx3cr1 antibody on retinal neuron in rat eyes with IRI.Methods Ninety SD rats were divided into 4 groups according to random number table.IRI models were established by perfusing normal saline solution into the anterior chamber.The cx3cr1 antibody of 1 μl (0.2 μg/μl) was intravitreally injected in the right eyes in the normal rats or model rats as the only cx3cr1 antibody injected group and the model cx3cr1 antibody injected group,respectively,and no any drug was injected in the rats of the normal control group and model control group.Retinal sections were prepared 48 hours after modeling, and apoptosis of retinal neutron was observed under the transmission electron microscope;the morphology of retinas was exmined and the number of survival RGCs was calculated by histopathologic method.The expression of CD68 in activated retinal microglial cells was detected by immunochemistry, and the relative expression levels of cx3cr1 mRNA,tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-ct) mRNA and interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) mRNA in the retinas were assayed by real time quantitative PCR.Results The cell nucleus of RGCs showed the round and ellipse in shape and there were abundant organelles in the cells.The mophology of photoreceptors was normal with abundant mitochondrions.Irregular cell shape, disrupture of outer segment membranous disc, proliferative microglial cells in RGC layer were seen in the model group.However,these findings were mild in the model cx3crl antibody group.The mean number of survival RGCs was (38.100 ± 3.929), (37.200 ± 5.266), (26.700 ± 2.584) and (31.700 ± 2.946)/field in the normal control group,only cx3cr1 antibody injected group, model control group and model cx3cr1 antibody injected group,showing significant differences between the model group and the normal control group, only cx3cr1 antibody injected group or model cx3cr1 antibody injected group (t =7.492,6.125,-4.607, all at P＜0.01).The expression levels (absorbance) of CD68 in rat retinas were significantly higher in the model group than those in the normal control group, only cx3cr1 antibody injected group and model cx3cr1 antibody injected group (t =-3.397 ,P =0.008;t =-6.207 ,P =0.000;t =3.494, P =0.007).The relative expression levels of cx3cr1 mRNA, TNF-α mRNA and IL-1 β mRNA in rat retinas were raised in the model group compared with the only cx3er1 antibody injected group and model cx3cr1 antibody injected group (all at P＜0.01).No significant differences were observed in these indicators between the normal control group and the only cx3crl antibody injected group (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions Intravitreal injection of cx3cr1 antibody to neutralize cx3cr1 levels in retinas can effectively inhibit the activation of retinal microglia,decrease the release of inflammatory factors, reduce the apoptosis of RGCs and thereby protect the retinal neutrons against IRI in SD rats.Intravitreal injection of cx3cr1 is safe and feasible.

Objective:To investigate the diagnosis and therapy approaches of carotid body tumor (CBT).Method:Retrospective study of diagnosis and treatment of 10 patients with CBT was conducted.Results:Five patients were examined by B ultrasonic technique and all were not diagnosed;eight were examined by color Doppler flow imaging, six of whom were diagnosed as with CBT;six were examined by CT, three of whom were diagnosed;three was examined by digital subtraction angiography(DSA) and all were diagnosed;two were examined by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and one was diagnosed.There was no patient died during operation.One patient died 4 days after operation because of anoxemia in brain. Pathological examination after operation confirmed the diagnosis.Conclusion:Synthetical examinations should be taken to confirm the diagnosis of CBT. Color Doppler flow imaging and DSA are significant. Selection of operation methods should be based on the practice.

The paper covered dominant models and organization of healthcare alliances in Xinjiang, illustrating the hospital group model, synergy development model, focused partnership support model, three-level integration model, and other business models.As described by the authors, healthcare alliances in Xinjiang, thanks to telemedicine, have achieved initial success by means of disciplines support, primary care human resources, new technologies and new service spreading, and promotion of appropriate medical techniques, in such aspects as regional medical cooperation, population benefits and medical resources sharing.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the expression of Cyclin E protein in the progress of occurrence and development of gastric cancer and lymphonode metastatic cancer.Methods The expression of Cyclin E protein analyzed by immunohistochemistry in gastric tissue array included of normal gastric mucosa,cancer side tissues,atypical hyperplasia tissues,primary cancer tissues and lymphonode metastatic cancer tissues.Results The positive expression rate of Cyclin E protein was 14.3％,20.0％,34.7％,85.1％ and 82.9％ in normal gastric mucosa,atypical hyperplasia tissue,carcinoma side tissue,primary cancer and lymphonode metastatic cancer,respectively.Compared with normal gastric mucosa and carcinoma side tissues and atypical hyperplasia tissues,the Cyclin E protein in primary cancer and lymphonode metastatic carcinoma tissues was over-expression ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions The Cyclin E protein was a possible molecular marker that can be used to diagnosis gastric cancer and lymphaden metastasis cancer.

Objective To evaluate the role of laparoscopic staging for the resectability of gallbladder cancer. Methods From Jan 2007 to Mar 2010,60 gallbladder cancer patients without of metastatic disease or main hepatic portal vessel invasion as assessed by preoperative imaging underwent staging laparoscopy for tumor resectability evaluation. Peritoneal and liver surface metastases were looked for and assessment of local spread was done if possible. Assessment was based on visual impression and biopsies were obtained routinely. T test and x2 test were used. Results At laparoscopy, 27 (45%) patients were found with disseminated disease on peritoneal cavity or the surface of liver, hence, senseless open surgery was avoided. The other 33 patients were converted to open laparotomy, among those 1 patient was found with disseminated metastasis in the liver and 12 patients with the invasion of main hepatic portal vessel,pancreatic head, duodenum did not undergo any further surgery. Finally 7 patients received surgical bypass procedure and 13 patients underwent radical resection. During the same period, 192 clinically diagnosed gallbladder cancer patients undergoing open laparotomy without laparoscopic pre-assessment served as control. Among those in control group 79 patients received radical or palliative resection. The resectability rate was significantly different between the two groups ( P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion Staging laparoscopy in patients with gallbladder cancer is helpful in detecting liver and peritoneal metastases overlooked by preoperative imaging, avoiding unnecessary open explorations.

Objective: To investigate expression of TRAP in human tumors and correlativity between TRAP and hTERT and to explore the role of TRAP in tumorigenesis. Methods: TRAP was expressed in E.coli . and polyclonal antibody was prepared by immunization of New Zealand rabbits. Expressions of TRAP gene and hTERT in human tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The eukaryotic expression vectors of TRAP were constructed and transferred stably into HeLa cells to be analysed with Northern blot, TRAP PCR ELISA, growth curve, nude mouse transplantation. Results: Polyclonal antibody was obtained from New Zealand rabbits immunized with TRAP fuse protein, which was inducibly expressed in E.coli ., and its specificity was verified in Western blot. TRAP staining was detected in 213 (86.2%)of 247 malignant tumors. On the contrary, TRAP in all tissues adjacent to tumors was negative.There is a obvious difference between borderline,pre cancerous and benign lesion in the expression of TRAP.Furthermore, hTERT staining was conducted and its result was consistent with that of TRAP. Up regulation and down regulation of hTERT expression and telomerase activity were observed respectively in HeLa cells transfected stably with sense and antisence TRAP recombination. Increased proliferation presented in the former and growth inhibition in the latter. Besides, in nude mice, tumorigenecity of sense TRAP transfected HeLa cells was enhanced while tumor growth of antisense TRAP transfected HeLa cells was retarded. Conclusion: The expression of TRAP, which could be detected in most of human cancers and part of pre cancerous lesions, was correlated with expression of hTERT. The status of TRAP expression could regulate telomerase activity and present effects on growth and tumorigeneity of cancer cells. This suggests that TRAP is involved in human tumorigenesis through regulation of telermarase activity.

Objective To analyze the immunogenomic characteristics of antibody repertoire in re-sponse to influenza vaccine in order to provide a theoretical basis for further development of antibody. Meth-ods Based on a time-series immunoglobulin heavy chain ( IGH) repertoire sequencing dataset, we analyzed the immunogenomic characteristics of antibody repertoire in response to trivalent influenza vaccine ( TIV ) from three aspects which included the features in complementarity-determining region 3 ( CDR3 ) , antibody mutation and VDJ usage. Results The frequency of antibody mutation increased significantly upon vaccina-tion. Analysis of the CDR3 region indicated that polar and aromatic amino acids had a higher preference. The length of CDR3 region in naive B cells followed a normal distribution, while specific CDR3 sequences with 15 to 18 amino acids in length occupied a dominant position after vaccination. In addition, the VDJ us-age altered obviously and IGHV3-7-derived antibody had a significant response to the vaccine. Response in-tensity reached the peak on day 7 and gradually weakened over time. Conclusion Antibody repertoire evolves dynamically to express specific antibody upon vaccination and the characteristics of immune responses at sequence level could be used to evaluate their effectiveness.