Objective To review and sum up experience of surgical repair of single ventricle. Methods Since January 1973 to December 1999, 47 patients with single ventricle have been repaired. Right ventricle type was 17 patients, left ventricle type was 14, and unrecorded type was 16. Surgical procedure consisted of pulmonary banding 1, Fontan operation 23, and bidirection superior cavopulmonary anastomosis 23. Results Seven patients died. The motality was 15%. There was no death in bidirection superior cavopulmonary anastomosis patients. Conclusion For the single ventricle, early surgical intervention is required to prevent pulmonary congestion and severe cyanosis. The bidirection superior cavopulmonary anastomosis can improve single ventricle function secondary to pressure and volume load to decrease surgical mortality and to minimize the risk factors for subsequent Fontan operation.

15 mm) should be used in patients over the age of 4 and later reoperation might be avoided. For D-TGA without long segment of LVOTO, we can choose arterial switch plus pulmonary valvotomy or Konno procedure to relief the LVOTO. To prevent postoperative functional mitral regurgitation, in C-TGA-VSD-PS patients the best surgical procedure is double switch operation.

Objective To review and summarize the experiences of modified extracardiac conduit Fontan operation for heterotaxia syndrome with complex congenital heart disease. Methods There were 11 patients with cynosis complex congenital heart disease, 9 were aspleenia syndrome (right atrium isomerism, including 6 single ventricle with common atrioventricular valve, 2 double outlet right ventricle with atrioventricular discordance, and 1 corrected transposition of the great arteries), and 2 were polyspleenia (left atrium isomerism, double outlet right ventricle with common atrioventricular valve). The mean age was (6.3?3.7)year-old, the mean body weight was (21.0?5.5)kg. 3 patients underwent one-stage modified extracardiac conduit Fontan procedure, 8 patients after bi-directional Glenn operation underwent two-stage procedure. Results During early postoperative period, two patients had low cardiac output syndrome, 1 renal dysfunction; and 1 supraventricle tachycardiac. The time of chest drainage (120*!ml/d) was more than 10 days in 2 patients. 2D-echo showed that superior vena cava blood flow rate was 0.6 to 0.8 m/s, inferior vena cava flow rate was 0.3 to 0.4 m/s. Oxygen saturation were from 0.92 to 0.95 in room air in 9 patients, 2 patients were under 0.86. The exercise capacity was significantly improved. All patients were survived and no early death. At follow-up ranging from 6 months to 2 years, supra vena cava blood flow rate was 0.8*!m/s, inferior vena cava flow rate is 0.4 to 0.7*!m/s. There was no thrombus formation in the conduit. The diameter of fenestration was 0.34*!cm and blood flow from right to left. No pulmonary vein drainage obstruction. Heart function was normal. No atrial arrhythemia were detected. The oxygen saturation in the room air was more than 0.90. No chronic effusion and protein-losing enteropathy, no mid-term death. Conclusion Modified extracardiac conduit Fontan operation is suited for heterotaxia syndrome with complex congenital heart disease. The incidence of arrhythemia is low.

Objective Sum up the research of concept of surgical procedure of PA/VSD/MAPCA.Methods Between January 2003 and December 2012,92 children were operated,aged 1 day to 5.2 years ; median age (1.3 ± 0.6) years.There were 26 cases for one stage operation,66 cases were for palliative operation which were divided into 3 stages.The 3 stages of palliative operation included system to pulmonary shunt,conduit from RVOT to MPA or transannular patch from RVOT to MPA,enlargemene of pulmonary artery and ligation of MAPCA.From all the patients,15 cases had been finished the two staged operation.In the end,there were 17 cases who were completed two or three stage radical operation.Results There were 3 cases who died from the first period.There were 9 cases who were completed two stage operation,and 1 case died.There were 8 cases who were completed three stage operation.there was 1 cases who died in this period.Conclusion The surgical treatment for the PA/VSD/MAPCA could be that the connection between RVOT and pulmonary artery should be performed as early as possible which could provide the blood flow to pulmonary artery and promote the growth.Uniforcalization could also be set up as early as possible if it is needed.It could be ligated in different period.The PA/VSD/MAPCA could be repaired by stagesand have satisfied results.

Objective Evaluating a new continuity between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery for repair of persistent truncus arteriosus(PTA).Methods Between January 2000 and December 2012,we performed operation of 53 children with without a conduit:sleeve and direct right ventricle-pulmonary artery anastomosis [age,40 day to 2.3 years; median age,(0.9 ± 0.5) years] in 86 cases of PTA.The other 33 cases were performed with valved conduit.we used different methods to form the posterior floor of the new pulmonary arterial trunk.The edge of the floor was attached directly to the superior margin of an oblique incision made in the left-anterior wall of the right ventricle.A Gortex monocusp was attached to the lower half margin of the right ventricular incision in 26 cases.Results There were high pulmonary hypertension (PH) in 6 cases with the treatment of anti-PH.There were 2 death postoperatively because of pulmonary hypertension and right heart disfunction.The other patients were discharged from hospital.Cardiac ultrasound at hospital discharge showed pulmonary regurgitation that was trivial in three cases,mild in twentyseven cases,and moderate in twentyone case.During follow-up(36-60 months,median 54 months),there were no death.Conclusion This simple modification for surgical correction of persistent truncus arteriosus may be an effective alternative that overcomes conduit-related problems from the mid-followup period.

ObjectiveTo review and summarize the experiences of the modified mitral valve annuloplasty for mitral valve regurgitation (MR) in children.MethodsOne hundred and six patients with moderate to severe MR were retrospectively studied from March 1999 to December 2009.They aged from 0.4 to 8.5 years [ mean (3.7 ± 1.8) years ]and weighted from 6.6 to 52.0 kg [ mean(10.0 ± 3.5) kg].There were 69 males and 37 females.The heart function was evaluated by echocardiography.Patients were divided into three groups according to the age: group 1, ＜6 months , 16 cases; group 2, from 6months to 2 years, 51 cases; and group 3, from 2 years to 8.5 years, 39 cases.Seven cases were MR combined with mitral valve stenosis. Different operations were performed according to preoperative homodynamic, heart function and anatomical structure.ResultsThe operative mortality rate was 2.8％.In 3 died patients, 2 were due to MR and 1 due to severe pulmonary hypertension.104 cases were recovered.All patients were followed up 3 months to 3 years.ConclusionModified mitral valve reconstruction is necessary for children with moderate to severe MR.It should be the first choice for MR patients associated with other cardiac malfomation.This technique could prolong the time for mitral valve replacement when needed.Moreover,this technique not only reduces the valve injury but also decreases the reoperation rate.

Objective To summarize the experiences with minimally invasive pectus repair (Nuss procedure) for recurrent and acquired pectus excavatum after open thoracic surgery.Methods From Jun 2004 to Sep 2011,eighteen patients with recurrent or acquired pectus excavatum underwent Nuss procedure,including 12 males and 6 females The age ranged from 3.1to 14.8 years with mean age of (8.8 ±4.0) years.The body weight was 11 to 55kg with mean weight of (30.2 ±14.8 ) kg.Ten cases were recurrent pectus excavatum with previously failed open surgery repair,eight were acquired pectus excavatum after other open thoracic surgery.Sixteen cases had symmetrical and 2 had asymmetrical pectus excavatum.Haller' s index was 5.4 ± 3.4.The operation was performed with thoracoscopic assistance.Results All patients had successful operation with one bar insertion in each patient,one stabilizer was put on right side in seventeen and double stabilizers were put in one case.Therapeutic results evaluation was excellent in 16 cases and good in 2.Percentage of excellent and good was the same with that in our primary Nuss procedure ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Chest drainage duration was 1 to 4 days.One case had bar displacement revision 5 months later.Heart perforation occurred in one on whom a sternotomy and perforation repair were immediately performed.The echocardiography exam shows normal cardiac function after operation,and no nerve system complications were detected.One developed pneumothorax on operative day and one had pleural effusion three days later,both were treated by chest tube drainage.Twelve patients' bars were removed after 24 - 45 months of stagnation period.Anatomic results at bar removal were 10 excellent and 2 good,there were no recurrent cases.Conclusion Nuss procedure is an effective method and has good results on recurrent and acquired pectus excavatum.Safety of patients and complications minimization is always the first to be considered.

Objective Reviewed and evulated the prognosis of multiple levels of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) with Konno operation.Methods Between May 2006 and May 2012,we performed Konno operation in 16 children with LVOTO.They aged from 1.9 to 13.6 years,averaged(5.1 ± 0.7)years,and weighted from 12 to 39 kg,averaged (18.3 ±6.3) kg.There are 13 cases of patients who were multiple levels of LVOTO.The pressure gradient of LVOTO was 56-185 mmHg[(96 ± 31) mm Hg].The operations were performed with middle low temperature in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).The time for CPB and Aortic clamp arrest was 70-182 min [(98 ± 21) min] and 34-148 min[(51 ± 11) min] respectively.There were 3 cases,4 cases and 9 cases for Konno,Konno ± Ross and Konno-Rastan respectively.Results All the pacients were alive.The time for making use of respirometer and staying in ICU was 3-9 days [(4.0 ± 1.5) days] and 5-16 days [(8.0 ±2.9) days] respectively.Follow-up with 6 months to 3 years,the ECHO showed no residual obstruction.The pressure gradient of LVOTO was 1.10-2.42 m/s.LVEF was 0.58-0.72 (0.66 ± 0.03).There were 2 cases for mild to middle aortic valve regurgitation,1 case for middle to severe aortic valve regurgitation and 1 case for middle pulmonary valve regurgitation and middle tricuspid valve regurgitation.Conclusion Konno procedure is safty and effective operation for LVOTO in children and is beneficial to the recovery of left ventricular function.It is necessary to follow up the complication in the future.

Objective Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS) is a rare complicated congenital heart disease.The intracardiac structure is also complicated.We sum up the corporal surgical procedure of PA/IVS.Methods Between May 2004 and May 2010,we performed emergency or sub-emergency operation in 72 newborns,infants and children [age,1 day to 5.2 years; mean age,(1.3 ±0.6) years] with favorable anatomy.The surgical procedures were divided into three kinds:1.16 cases were performed with Blalock-Tassuing (B-T) shunt operation for A group; 2.33 cases were performed with transannular patch from RVOT-MPA with or without B-T shunt operation for B group.3.22 cases were performed a hybrid procedure with or without B-T shunt operation for C group.From all the patients,15 cases had been finished the two staged operation.Results 10 patients has been died in which 6 patients were in B group with B-T shunt.Only 2 patients were for the hybrid procedure.The ECHO showed the gradient across the pulmonary annular was 15-39 mm Hg [(23 ± 5) mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)] after operation.The tricuspid insufficient had been siginificantly improved.There were 58 cases were preoperatively serious tricuspid insufficient.There were 11 cases and 13 cases were respectively for middle and mild to middle tricuspid insufficient postoperatively.Follow-up with 2-5 years,there were radical operation for 8 cases,one and half ventrical operation for 5 cases and BDG and Fontan operation for 2 cases.Conclusions.Conclusion BT shunt in common procedure and using a hybrid approach is more safe and feasible than traditional procedure for the patients with PA/IVS.Z vale and right ventricular growth were importment for procedure in the future including radical 、one and half ventrical and Fon tan operation.

ObjectiveTo discuss the operative techniques and results of coarctation resection plus aortoplasty with pulmonary autograft patch for coarctation of the aorta combined with hypoplastic aortic arch in infant.MethodsBetween May 2007 and Dec 2009,14 cases including 9 males and 5 females with caorctation of the aorta and hypoplastic aortic arch underwent coarctation resection plus aortoplasty with pulmonary autograft patch in our hospital.The age ranged from 23 days to 17 months,with a median of 4.33 months.The mean body weight was (6.14 ±2.36) kg.All patients were diagnosed as aortic coarctation combined with VSD and hypoplastic aortic arch.The surgery was performed under deep hypothermia cardiopulmonary bypass with selective cerebral perfusion in 8 cases and circulation arrest in 6 cases.Fresh pulmonary autograft patch harvested from the main pulmonary artery was used for aortoplasty.The associated VSD was repaired in the same stage.ResultsAll patients survived except one died from circulatory failure during the perioperative period.Low cardiac output syndrome occurred in another case who was cured afterwards by correspondent treatments.No residual obstruction was detected by echocar-diography after the operation.Follow-up was carried out in 13 cases from 4 months to 3 years.Echocardiographic examination showed that the pressure gradient across the aortic arch was less than 16 mm Hg in all cases.The blood velocity at the descending aortic arch was not significantly changed during the follow-up period as compared with that of the immediate after operation.Computed tomography showed that the morphology of aortic arch was normal.The left bronchus compression was relieved obviously or totally disappeared in patients who suffered from left bronchus stenosis before operation,and no aortic aneurysm were detected in these patients.ConclusionConclusion Coarctation resection plus aortoplasty with pulmonary autograft patch is the optimal surgical method for treating coarctation of the aorta combined with hypoplastic aortic arch in infant.