To study the regulating effect of Astragalus Polysaccharides ( APS) to the mice infected by Brucella suis S2.Methods:120 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:experimental mice were injected APS 1 ml ( 0.4,1.2,3 mg/ml) via peritoneal cavity respectively once a day and the control group was injected with the same volume of saline for 3 days,then infected with Brucella suis S2 1 ml (1×107 L-1 ) by ip.Five mice of each group were killed through eye bloodletting at 1,6,12,24,48, 72 h respectively post-infection with Brucella suis S 2 and the peritoneal macrophage were obtained respectively to make smear.Phagocytic rate and phagocytic index were calculated by the Wright Giemsa staining after infected 1 h.TNF-α,IL-12 and IFN-γlevels of serum at different time points were measured by ELISA.The bacterial load of MΦand spleen were measured by coating method.Results:The phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of MΦin APS 3 dose groups were higher than those of the control group ( P<0.05 ).The microbial load of MΦin APS 3 dose groups at 1 h infected by Brucella suis S 2 were significantly higher than those of control,but significantly lower than those of control at 6,12,24,48,72 h after infected by Brucella suis S2.The microbial load of spleen in APS 3 dose groups at 6 h infected by Brucella suis S 2 were significantly higher than those of control ,but significantly lower than those of control at 12,24,48,72h after infected by Brucella suis S2.The concentrations of TNF-α,IL-12 and IFN-γin the serum of APS groups had significantly been improved ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion: APS can promote the activation of MΦin vivo and strengthen the activity of phagocytosis and killing to Brucella suis S 2.APS can promote the secretion of TNF-α,IL-12 and IFN-γof mice,strengthen the cellular immune response of mice to Brucella suis S 2.

Objective To investigate the effect on ubiquitin-dependent autophagic pathway in macrophage(MΦ) infected by B.suis S1330 attenuated strains.Methods Infected MΦ in vitro using Brucella S1330 strains to construct experimental model.Observed the process of phagocytic,the level of ubiquitination and autophagy in MΦ of mice.MΦ was divided into control group,infected group,positive control group and infected group after RAPA induced autophagy.The Giemsa staining immunofluorescence and Western blot were applied to observe the chances of ubiquitinated and autophagic protein in MΦ at different time points within different groups.Results Ubiquitinated bacterial protein was detected at 0.5 h after infected MΦ.With the time passing,the ubiquitinated bacterial protein increased and aggregated intracellular until MΦ dead at 12 h after infected.The expression of LC3B protein was serious deficiency in MΦ which infected group,but ubiquitinated bacterial protein decreased significantly in MΦ after RAPA induced.Conclusion Brucella S1330 stain can arouse intracellular ubiquitination process in infected MΦ,and interfere the ubiquitin-dependent autophagic pathway.A large number of aggregated and ubiquitinated bacterial protein can not be effectively removed,it leads to MΦ dysfunction and dead.

Objective To evaluate the effect of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) coated-islets on instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) after islet transplantation. Methods MSC labeled with tracer and human islets were placed into an ultra-low adsorption cell culture dish, shaken and mixed twice at an interval of 0.5 h, and then incubated at 37 ℃ and 5% CO₂ for 24 h to obtain MSC-coated islets. The coating effect of MSC and in vitro function of the islets were assessed. A blood circulation tube-shaped model was established in vitro. In the blank control group, 0.2 mL of islet culture solution was added. In the islet group, 800 islet equivalent quantity (IEQ) of uncoated islets were supplemented. In the MSC-coated islets group, 800 IEQ of MSC-coated islets were added, and circulated for 60 min at 37 ℃. A portion of 0.5 mL blood sample was taken for routine blood test at 0, 30 and 60 min, respectively. After 60 min circulation, the blood sample was filtered with a 70 μm filter to collect plasma, blood clots and islets. Blood clots and islets were subject to hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining. Morphological changes and the aggregation of CD11b-positive cells surrounding the islets were observed. The contents of plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), tissue factor (TF), C3a, C5b-9, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and IL-8 were determined by enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay. Results After 24 h co-incubation, the islets were coated by MSC, with a coating degree of approximately 80%. In the islet and MSC-coated islet group, a large quantity of neutrophils and monocytes were observed surrounding the blood clots and islets, and the quantity of CD11b-positive cells in the MSC-coated islet group was less compared with that in the islet group. After co-incubation with the whole blood for 0, 30 and 60 min, the quantity of platelets, neutrophils and monocytes was declined in the MSC-coated and islet groups, and gradually decreased over time. Compared with the blank control group, the quantity of platelets, monocytes and neutrophils was lower, whereas the TF content was higher in the MSC-coated islet group. Compared with the islet group, the quantity of platelets, monocytes and neutrophils was higher, whereas the TAT and TF contents were less in the MSC-coated islet group, the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the expression levels of C3a, C5b-9, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8 were up-regulated in the MSC-coated islet group. Compared with the islet group, the expression levels of C3a, C5b-9, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8 and MCP-1 were down-regulated in the MSC-coated islet group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Conclusions MSC-coated islets may reduce the exposure of islet TF in the blood and prevent the incidence of IBMIR during the coagulation response stage, thereby mitigating the injury and loss of islet allograft in the early stage of islet transplantation.

Objective To investigate the value of transient elastography (TE) in the staging of hepatic fibrosis in patients with autoimmune liver disease (ALD). Methods PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP databases were searched for English and Chinese articles on TE in the staging of hepatic fibrosis in ALD published from January 2000 to January 2021. Two reviewers independently performed data extraction for the articles included, and QUADAS2 was used for quality assessment. The bivariate mixed effects model in Stata 15.0 software was used to perform the Meta-analysis. Results A total of 11 articles were included, with 1041 patients in total. In the diagnosis of significant hepatic fibrosis (F≥2), TE had a pooled sensitivity of 0.81 (95% CI : 0.75-0.86), a specificity of 0.87(95% CI 0.79-0.92), and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.91(95% CI 0.88-0.93); in the diagnosis of advanced hepatic fibrosis (F≥3), TE had a pooled sensitivity of 0.81(95% CI 0.74-0.87), a sensitivity of 0.90(95% CI 0.85-0.93), and an AUC of 0.92(95% CI 0.90-0.94); in the diagnosis of early-stage liver cirrhosis (F4), TE had a pooled sensitivity of 0.87(95% CI 0.74-0.93), a specificity of 0.93(95% CI 0.87-0.97), and an AUC of 0.96(95% CI 0.94-0.97). Conclusion TE has a good diagnostic value in evaluating significant liver fibrosis, advanced liver fibrosis, and early-stage liver cirrhosis in patients with ALD, especially with a relatively high diagnostic accuracy for early-stage liver cirrhosis.

Objective: To establish patient derived xenograft (PDX) model of malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM), and to identify the key characteristics of tumor biology of the model, so as to provide an experiment platform for studying the pathologic mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies for MPM. Methods: Surgically excised MPM tumor tissues were inoculated subcutaneously in BALB/c-nu/nu mice for 3 stable passages. In the 4th passage, the subcutaneous tumors were harvested under aseptic conditions, cleaned and made into MPM tumor cell homogenate. Four nude mice (two males and two females) were selected and one male and one female nude mouse were inoculated in the abdominal cavity at the dose of 100 μL, others were inoculated at a dose of 200 μL. The PDX model of MPM was established. The changes of body mass in nude mice were measured regularly, the extent of abdominal and pelvic tumors was judged by experimental peritoneal cancer index (ePCI) score, and the pathologic characteristics of tumors were analyzed. Results: The subcutaneous and abdominal animal models of MPM were successfully established. The subcutaneous tumor model grew into tumor on the 20th day, followed by a slow growth stage between the 20th and 29th day, then a rapid growth stage between the 30th and 57th day. According to the dose of tumor cells (100, 200 μL) and timing (14th and 69th days after grafting), the abdominal tumor model successfully simulated the early and late clinical stages of MPM. The HE staining results of the MPM nude mice model showed that the tumor was epithelial mesothelioma and invaded most of the organs, including liver, spleen, pancreas, mesentery. Immunohistochemical staining for calretinin, cytokeratin 5/6, WT1 and Ki-67 were positive. Whole-genome exon sequencing identified 26 and 36 high frequency gene mutations in tumors derived from the PDX model and clinical sample from patients, including 21 common gene mutations. Conclusions The PDX model of MPM is established. The model is characterized by highly malignant tumor with rapid growth and high invasiveness.

Objective: To establish the patient derived xenograft (PDX) model of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), and identify the key characteristics of tumor biology of this model, in order to provide a reliable model for studying the pathological mechanisms and new therapeutic strategies of PMP. Methods: PMP tumor tissue was obtained from surgery and cut into pieces after washing. Then tumor pieces were implanted subcutaneously in BAL B/c-nu mice for 6 stable passages. In the 7th passage, tumor tissue was implanted orthotopically into abdomen. Subcutaneous tumor and orthotopic tumor were then homogenized to make tumor cell suspension, implanted into abdomen of 10 BAL B/c-nu mice through midline laparotomy, 100 μl for each. The key experimental parameters including body weight changes in the observation period, experimental peritoneal cancer index (ePCI) score at the autopsy, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, and gene expression profiles by high-throughput whole-genome exon sequencing were detected and recorded. Results: The successful rate of established orthotopic PDX model of human PMP was 100% (10/10). The animals showed smooth body weight increases after tumor inoculation until day 27, then the body weight began to decrease steadily. Widespread tumor dissemination of PMP tumor through the whole abdomen was found by autopsy, including the diaphragm, liver, spleen, stomach, kidney, parietal peritoneum, bowel and mesenterium. Gelatinous ascites was also observed in abdominopelvic cavity. The ePCI score ranged from 5 to 9, with a 8 of median ePCI. Histopathological studies showed peritoneal mucinous carcinomatosis accompanied with signet ring cells (PMCA-S), obvious tumor cell atypia and parenchymal invasion.Immunohistochemistry showed the expressions of MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, CEA, CA199, CK20, CDX-2 and Ki-67 were positive, MUC6, CK7 and p53 were negative. Whole-exome sequencing identified that the most significant genetic alteration is the exon10 missense mutation c. 1621A>C of KIT gene, the mutation abundance was 89.7%. Conclusion PDX model of PMCA-S is successfully established, which displays the characters of high-degree malignancy, high proliferation and strong aggressiveness.

Animals ; Chloroquine/pharmacology* ; Longevity ; Rats