Objective To study the correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 and NMDA NR_(2A),and to share the understanding of the mechanism of dopamine in the synaptic complex of inner hair cells.Methods Forty guinea pigs were divided randomly into four groups and the whole intacochlear perfusions were performed.The perfused cochleas were taken out as preparations 2 hours after perfusing,the contralateral cochleas were also taken out as the normal control group in the group perfused with artifical perilymph solutions.All the preparations were divided into 5 groups:①normal control cochleas;②perfused with artificial perilymph solutions;③perfused with artifical perilymph solutions containing 10 mmol/L dopamine；④perfused with artificial perilymph so lutions containing 30 mmol/L dopamine；⑤perfused with artifical perilymph solutions containing 50 mmol/L dopa mine.The semi-quantitive RT-PCR was used to observe the difference in the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1、NMDA NR_(2A).Results Dopamine inhibited the compound action potential(CAP),the increase of CAP threshold was observed and correlated with the contentration of dopamine in the perfusion solution.Regarding the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 mRNA,there was no significant difference between group ① and group ② (P＞0.05).But a significant difference was observed the other 3 groups when compared to group ①(P＜0.05).No significant difference was detected among the 5 groups in the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_(2A) (P＞0.05).Conclusion Dopamine may inhibit the cochlear auditory afferent nerve.The significant correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 was observed,the amount of glutamate receptor NMDA NR_1 decreased along with the increasing of the contentration of dopamine in the perfusion solution.And there was no significant correlation between dopamine and glutamate receptor NMDA NR_(2A).

Though the mechanisms involved in the induction of pancreatic islet β cell dysfunction and apoptosis under diabetes conditions are still not clear, previous studies have shown that triggered or aggravated endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress play essential roles in impairment of β cell functions, especially the JNK pathway which can be activated by both of them.

Cell polarity is a common feature of many different types of cells,and it is essential to the normal differentiation and function of cells. Partitioning defective 6( PAR6)gene encodes PAR6 protein, which is crucial to asymmetric cell division and polarized growth. PAR6 protein as a member of the PAR6 polarity complex,affects the synthetic of centrosome and protein recruitment to the centrosome. The abnormal number of centrosomal and the loss of cell polarity may eventually lead to the occurrence of tumor.

Acute Disease ; Humans ; Neck Injuries ; therapy

Objective To explore the clinical effect of laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy on choledocholithiasis.Methods Totally 134 elderly patients with choledocholithiasis were treated in our hospital from Jan 2013 to Dec 2014, who were randomly divided into observation group and control group (n=67 for each), treated with laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy, and traditional surgery, respectively.The operation time, bleeding volume, exhaust time, in-hospital stay, complications and residual stones rate were compared between the two groups.Results The operation time was higher in observation group than in control group [(124.6±21.2) min vs.(94.7± 17.9) min, t=8.821, P＜0.001].The bleeding volume were less in observation group than in control group[(43.8±10.4) ml vs.(113.5±37.6) ml, t=14.624, P＜0.001].The exhaust time and in hospital time were decreased in observation group than in control group[(27.6 ±5.5) h vs.(43.4±8.1) h, (7.4±2.4) d vs.(10.3±2.8) d, t=13.209 and 6.437, P＜0.001 for both].The incidences of postoperative pain and other complications were lower in observation group than in control group [6.0％ vs.28.4％, 16.4％ vs.43.3％, x2=11.810and 11.547, P=0.001 for all].Conclusions The laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy has advantages to minimize the surgical injury, reduce the bleeding volume and promote the postoperative recovery in treating choledocholithiasis in elderly patients.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of internal fixation with or without fusion in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures.Methods Clinical controlled trails related to the application of pedicle screw instrumentation with or without fusion for thoracolumbar fractures before March,2012were obtained by searching PubMed,Science Direct,Medline and CNKI.Quality evaluation was made on the included literature,from which data were extracted to integrate various rescarch results by using RevMan 5.1.The quantitative data were analyzed based on the effect scale of mean difference (MD) and bilateral 95％ confidence interval (CI).The numeration data were analyzed in the use of effect scale of odds ratio (OR) and bilateral 95％ CI.The merging of some data was manually completed.Results After retrieving,eight English and one Chinese papers of the clinical controlled trials,and two related Meta analysis were obtained.With exclusion of one repetitive research,eight papers were involved in the review.Meta analysis demonstrated that fusion and non-fusion fixation had no significant differences in aspects of correction of kyphotic angle,correction and correction loss of vertebral body height,neurological function improvement,complication rate,and length of hospital stay.While compared with the fusion fixation,non-fusion fixation showed a more serious correction loss of kyphotic angle,a fewer blood loss and a shorter operation time.Conclusions Non-fusion fixation shows the similar efficacy with fusion fixation in the treatment of some thoracolumbar burst fractures pertaining to releasing compression,restoring spinal stability and preventing complications,but it can also significantly decrease operation time and blood loss.Furthermore,non-fusion fixation may markedly improve patients' quality of life since it restores motion of the instrumented segment after removal of implant and decreases the risk of adjacent segmental degeneration.

Objective To investigate the change of CD_4~+CD_(25)~(high)CD_(127)~(low)> regulatory T cells (Trcg cells) sub-group level in peripheral blood of non-Hodgkin lymphama (NHL) patients, and to explore its clinical significance. Methods Treg cells levels in peripheral blood of lymphoma patients and normal were detected by flow cytometry, followed by statistical analysis. Results In the 65 cases of NHL patients, Treg cells in peripheral blood were (6.72±1.38) %, higher than that in the normal control group (5.65±0.68) % (P <0.05). Percentage of Treg cells are significantly different between clinical stages and normal: [P <0.05, normal control group (5.65±0.88) %, Ⅰ -Ⅱ period (6.08±1.18) %, Ⅲ-Ⅳ period (6.95±0.85) %]. The percentage of Treg cells are also different among pathological types of patients and normal [P <0.05, normal control group (5.65± 0.68) %. The percentage of Treg diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (5.83±0.95) % and other subtypes of lymphoma (7.83±1.76) %]were observed. It is not sure that Treg cells percentage among patients with different levels of lactate dehydrogenase and normal are significantly different. [P >0.05, normal control group (5.65±0.68) %, patients with normal LDH group (6.97±1.20) %, patients with lactate dehydrogenase (6.54±1.02) %]. Conclusion Treg cells induced by tumor and could inhibit the immune cells, Treg cells percentage in peripheral blood of tumor patients is higher than that the normal control group, and increased with the clinical staging, so the percentage of Treg cells may serve as a clinical indicator to evaluate tumor load.

Objective To investigate the effects of chronic high glucose on α-cells glucagon releasing in relation to insulin resistance induced by high glucose. Methods TC1-6 cells, an α-cell line, were incubated separately in DMEM containing high (25.0 mmol/L), medium (11.1 mmol/L) and low (5.5 mmol/L) concentrations of glucose for 1 to 5 days. The secretion and gene expression of glueagon were measured. When TC1-6 cells had been cultured for 5 days, three different concentrations of insulin were added for 6 h and then glucagon secretion was detected. Western blot was used for 1 and 3 days to confirm the effect of high glucose on phosphorylation of Akt in TC1-6 cells. Results (1) Exposure of TC1-6 cells to 11.1 and 25.0 mmol/L glucose resulted in a slight increase of glucagon secretion compared with those incubated with 5.5 mmol/L. However, after 5 days in media containing 25.0 mmol/L glucose, glucagan secretion was significantly increased as compared to cells treated with low glucose [(136.80±10.94 vs 78.62±4.72 ) ng/106 cells, P<0.05]; moreover, in TC1-6 cell cultured with high glucose glucagon mRNA expression was increased significantly. (2) 10-7 mol/L insulin reduced significantly glucagon secretion of TC1-6 ceils exposed to low glucose [(21.59±1.30 vs 55.12±3.86) ng/106 cells], but just scarcely inhibited glucagon secretion of cells incubated with high glucose [(106.58±8.53 vs 117.18±10.55) ng/106 cells]. When insulin concentration was increased to 10-5 mol/L, glucagon secretion of TC1-6 cells in high glucose was also reduced [(46.55±3.72 vs 118.61±10.68 )ng/106 cells]. (3) After treated with 10-5 mol/L insulin for 2h, the levels of Akt phosphorylation in both groups of TC1-6 cells were increased by 180% and 70%, while the level in high glucose group was significantly lower than that in low glucose group. In the presence of phosphoinositide 3 kinase inhibitor, the levels of Akt phosphorylation were both lowered, but the inhibition in low glucose group was more significant than in high glucose group. Conclusion High glucose induces hypersecretion of glucagon, which may be due to the a-cell insulin resistance.

Objective To investigate the relationship between glucokinase regulator protein ( GCKR) gene polymorphism rs780094 and hyperuricemia in Uygur in Xinjiang. Methods A case-control study including 1 026 patients with hyperuricemia and 1 030 normal subjects was conducted. All the subjects were genotyped for GCKR gene rs780094 by Sequenom MassARRAY system. The results of rs780094 genotype and allele frequency between hyperuricemia group and control group were compared. The associations of different genotypes of rs780094 with blood pressure, blood lipid, and blood glucose were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the relationship between polymorphism of rs780094 and hyperuricemia in Uygur in Xinjiang. Results The distributions of three genotypes(G/G, A/G, A/A) and two allele frequency (G and A) in GCKR rs780094 revealed statistical difference ( P<0. 05 ) between hyperuricemia group and control group. A tendency toward association with hyperuricemia was observed under dominant model(OR=1. 295, 95%CI 1. 078~1. 554,P=0. 006) and recessive model(OR=1. 284, 95% CI 1. 024 ~1. 611,P=0. 030). The levels of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol were lower in hyperuricemia group with GCKR gene rs780094 loci GG genotype than those with AA+AG genotype. After adjusting confounding factors which had significant difference in the single factor analysis, logistic regression analysis showed that rs780094 A/A and A/G might be risk factors of hyperuricemia in Uygur in Xinjiang (OR=1. 355,95% CI 1. 094 ~1. 679,P=0. 005). Conclusion The GCKR rs780094 is associated with hyperuricemia in Uygur in Xinjiang. The A/A and A/G genotype of the GCKR rs780094 may increase the risk of hyperuricemia.