Objective To investigate the effect of intrathecal injection of morphine on patients with severe rectum cancer pain.Methods According to random number table method,28 patients with severe rectum cancer pain,admitted to our hospital from April 2014 to April 2015,were divided into two groups:intrathecal injection of morphine group (group Ⅰ) and epidural injection of morphine group (group E,n=14).Patients in group Ⅰ were treated with intrathecal injection of morphine,and group E with epidural injection of morphine;initial dose of group Ⅰ was 1/300 of daily average dosage,and group E 1/30 of daily average dosage;the additional dose of two groups was 1/10 of initial dose,with a locked time of 30 min.Resting and moving visual analogue scale (VAS) scores,life scores of quality of life questionnaire (QLQ)-C30,and daily dose of morphine were observed on the day before analgesia (T0),first week after analgesia (T1),second week after analgesia (T2),and first month after analgesia (T3).Nausea and vomiting,skin itching,retention of urine,and headache were recorded at the four points.Results As compared with those at T0,the resting and moving VAS scores and daily dose of morphine were significantly lower,life scores of QLQ-C30 at the T1,T2 and T3 were significantly higher in both two groups (P＜0.05).As compared with those in group Ⅰ,the resting and moving VAS scores and daily dose of morphine in group E were significantly higher,life scores of QLQ-C30 in group E were significantly lower at the T1,T2 and T3 (P＜0.05).The incidence of complications in group Ⅰ (21.4％)was significantly lower than that in group E (71.4％).Conclusion The effect of analgesia with intrathecal injection of morphine is better than that of analgesia of epidural injection of morphine in the treatment of severe rectum cancer pain.

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of CatWalk automated gait analysis system for evaluation of motor function of rats with traumatic brain injury (TBI) after umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell (UC-MSC) treatment.

METHODSEighteen Wistar rats were randomized equally into normal control group, TBI ∓ saline group, and TBI ∓ UC-MSCs group. The rats in the latter two groups were subjected to weight-drop impact to induce TBI followed by injection UC-MSCs or saline into the lesion 7 days after TBI. The neurological function was assessed using CatWalk system and modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) before and 3 days after TBI and 7 days after UC-MSC transplantation. The rats were sacrificed 14 days after the cell transplantation and the brain sections were stained for immunohistochemical analyses.

RESULTSThree days after TBI, mNSS test showed moderate injury of the rats. Seven days after the cell transplantation, the rats showed significant motor function improvement and CatWalk analysis indicated partial recovery of the gait parameters of the 4 limbs compared to the rats with saline treatment. Histological analyses showed that DiO-labeled UC-MSCs were present in the lesion boundary and expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein and β-tubulin III.

CONCLUSIONUC-MSC transplantation can promote functional improvement of the brain after TBI in rats. Compared with mNSS test, CatWalk analysis is more sensitive and objective for assessing neurological function and also provides more detailed information on specific gait parameters.

Animals ; Brain Injuries ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gait ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Recovery of Function ; Umbilical Cord ; cytology

Objective To study the effects of different differentiation times (one,3 and 5 d) on mouse embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiating into astrocytes and neurons.Methods (1) Fetal cortices of embryonic 14 d (El4) C57BL/6 mice were isolated,digested and cultured.The nestin and Sox2 expressions in the second passaged neural spheres and monolayer cultured NSCs were detected by immunofluorescent staining.(2) And then second passaged neural spheres were digested into NSCs;they were inoculated in the slide and overnight cultured,and then,they were changed into the differential medium the next day;immunofluorescence assay was used to observe the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Tujl expressions;the averaged numbers,mean longest length and mean branches of the neuritis were analyzed one,3 and 5 d after differentiation.(3) Real time fluorogenic quantitative PCR was used to detect the nestin,GFAP and Tuj1 mRNA expressions one,3 and 5 d after differentiation of NSCs.Results (1) NSCs were successfully cultured and almost of all cells were both nestin and Sox2 positive NSCs.(2) Immunofluorescence assay showed that as the differentiation time increasing,numbers of differentiated astrocytes and neurons became larger,and their morphologies became more complicated.The cell counting results showed that:as compared with one d group,3 and 5 d groups had significantly high GFAP+ astrocyte percentages (P＜0.05);as compared with one and 3 d groups,5 d group had significantly higher Tuj 1+ neuronal percentage (P＜0.05);as compared with one d group,3 and 5 d groups had significantly larger averaged neurite numbers (/P＜0.05);the averaged longest neurite length was increased as differentiation time increasing and there was obvious difference between each two time points (P＜0.05);as compared with one d group,3 and 5 d groups had significantly higher averaged neurite branching levels (P＜0.05).(3) And PCR results mainly showed that nestin mRNA expression in one d group was significantly higher than that in 3 and 5 d groups (P＜0.05);GFAP and Tuj1 mRNA expressions in 5 d group were statistically higher than those in one and 3 d groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion With the differentiation time increasing,the numbers of differentiated astrocytes and neurons become large,their morphologies become complicated,and their percentages are gradually increased;more mature neurites are noted;nestin mRNA expression gradually decreases while GFAP and Tuj1 mRNA expressions gradually increase in monolayer cultured mouse embryonic NSCs.

Objective:To investigate the expression characteristics of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in rat models of deafferentation pain induced by posterior root injury of spinal nerves, and its relation with neuroinflammation.Methods:Sixty SD rats were divided into a blank control group ( n=10) and a model group ( n=50) according to random number table method. Neuropathic pain rat models in the model group were established by cutting the posterior root of C 5-T 1 spinal nerve, while rats in the control group were performed the same operation without cutting the posterior root of C 5-T 1 spinal nerve. Three, 7, 10, 14, and 21 d after modeling, behavioral changes, including spontaneous pain scale scores, mechanical antagonistic pain threshold, and autophagy scale scores, were evaluated in the two groups of rats. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the HMGB1, ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) and phosphorylated nuclear factor κB (pNF-κB) positive cells in the spinal cord of the two groups. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of HMGB1, toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and pNF-κB in the spinal cord of the two groups. Results:(1) The scores of spontaneous pain scale and autophagy scale 14 and 21 d after modeling were significantly higher than those 3, 7 and 10 d after modeling ( P<0.05), and those 21 d after modeling were significantly higher than those 14 d after modeling ( P<0.05). (2) Immunohistochemical staining showed that HMGB1, IBA-1 and pNF-κB all expressed in the spinal cord tissues of rats in the model group 3 d after modeling, and the number of positive cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord on the injured side became larger with prolongation of exposure time, and that was obviously larger as compared with that on the opposite side; in the spinal cord tissues of the blank control group, the number of positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn area was small, and there was no significant difference in the number of positive cells in the spinal dorsal horn area on both sides. (3) Western blotting showed that, as compared with those in the blank control group, HMGB1, TLR2 and pNF-κB protein expressions in the spinal cord tissues of the model group were significantly increased 3, 7, 10, 14 and 21 d after modeling ( P<0.05), and which showed an increasing trend with prolongation of exposure time. Conclusion:The gradual increase in HMGB1 expression in the local spinal cord of rats with deafferentation pain leads to HMGB1/TLR2/NF-κB pathway high expression and activation of microglia cells, which induces the occurrence of local neuroinflammation in the spinal cord and eventually results in pain behavioral changes.

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a neuroimaging technique which provides exquisite details on tissue microstructure. DTI also plays an important role in 3D reconstruction and visualization of white matter tracts and providing information about the relationship between these tracts and the tumor mass. DTI can not only guide neurosurgeons to optimize the actual surgical procedures and avoid injures to intact, functioning tracts, but also can improve the total rate resection of tumor. At the same time, it can also assist in preoperative risk assessment and postoperative functional assessment. This review is classified by different tractographies involved in brain tumors; it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of DTI in the last decade. Therefore, this review provides new research methods and evidence for the future complex intracranial tumor treatment.