Object To study and identify the chemical constituents of Bombyx Batryticatus. Methods The constituents were isolated from the above materials by column chromatography using silica gel and Sephadex LH-20, purified by crystallization, and identified by spectroscopic methods. Results Eight compounds were isolated and identified. They are 6-methoxy-7-O-?-D-(4′-methoxy) glucopyranosyl coumarin (Ⅰ), ergost-6, 22-dien-3?, 5?, 8?-triol (Ⅱ), palmitic acid (Ⅲ), meso-erythritol (Ⅳ), D-mannitol (Ⅴ), uracil (Ⅵ), ?-sitosterol (Ⅶ), and daucosterol (Ⅷ). Conclusion Coumpound Ⅰ is a new coumarin glycoside.

Objective Mongolian gerbil can make themself urine concentration for saving water and adapt to the harsh desert environment, due to their very unique moisture control system in the body.Methods Mongolian gerbil is resistant to drought on account of their special kidney. Histology of the kidney, ureter and bladder in Meriones Unguiculataus were observed by light microscopy using HE staining.Results The results showed that compared with rats and mice, the Mongolian gerbils have more developed distal tubules, and well developed inner renal medulla.Conclusions We hope that the findings of this study enrich our understanding of the histology of urinary system in Mongolian gerbils and provide support for the laboratory animalization of this animal.

Objective To observe the effects of cystamine, a tissue transglutaminase (tTG) inhibitor, on the development of rat liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride. Methods One hundred male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (n=20), hepatic fibrosis group (n=40) and cystamine group (n=40) . Liver fibrosis model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride. Cystamine (112 mg·kg-1·d-1) was administered by intraperitoneal injection 2 days before injection of carbon tetrachloride. The rats were sacrificed at weeks 4 and 8, and the liver tissues and serum specimens were obtained. The mRNA expression of tTG, smooth muscle-alpha (α-SMA), collagen-Ⅰ and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were detected by real time PCR. The protein expression of tTG and α-SMA, liver function and content of hydroxyproline in liver tissues were determined by Western blot. Histological changes of the liver was observed under microscope. The fibrosis conditions of rat liver in each group were evaluated according to the semi-quantita-tive scoring system. All the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. Results Eight weeks after the injection of carbon tetrachloride, obvious injury of the liver in liver fibrosis group was observed. The levels of alanine trans-aminase (ALT), total bile acid, total bilirubin, hydroxyproline, tTG, α-SMA, collagen-Ⅰ and TIMP-1 were (1313±157)U/L, (99.9±18.5)μmol/L, (10.9±1.6)μmoL/L, (55±12)μg/g, 145.6±51.2, 130.3±44.6, 211.3±75.1 and 162.4±53.5. After administration of cystamine, the levels of ALT, total bile acid, total bilirubin, hydroxyproline, tTG, α-SMA, collagen-Ⅰ and TIMP-1 were (378±87) U/L, (61.0±12.7) μmol/L, (9.8±1.7) μmol/L, (70±14 ) μg/g, 48.6±12.3, 40.7±12.3, 63.9±16.0, 59.2μ23.4. Conclusion Cystamine can alleviate the carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver fibrosis by inhibiting the tTG pathway.

Objective To investigate the anti-fibrosis effect of a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)specific inhibitor AA-861 on liver fibrosis. Methods Liver fibrosis was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride(CCI4).AA-861(0.2 mg/100 g/d)was administrated by intraperitoneal injection starting 2 days before the first dosage of CCI4 and rats were killed at weeks 2,4,and 6.Liver specimens were obtained from each animal and fixed with 4%formaldehyde for histological analysis. The Mrna expression of 5-LO,smooth muscle-alpha(α-SMA),Collagen-1,matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2)and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1(TIMP-1),the protein expression of 5-LO were evaluated by real time PCR and Western blot respectively. Histological analysis was performed by microscopy observation. Fibrosis conditions in rat liver in each group were evaluated according to the semi-quantitative scoring system (SSS), Hyp in rat livers and the hepatic functional biochemistry were also detected. Results Along with the aggravation of liver fibrosis, the gene expression of 5-Lo,α-SMA,Collagen-1,MMP-2 and TIMP-1 increased gradually, and the level of ALT, TBA, Hyp and SSS score also increased gradually. With the administration of AA-861,the Mrna expression of 5-LO,α-SMA,Collagen-1,MMP-2,TIMP-1 and the protein expression of 5-LO decreased remarkably, and the reduction in TIMP-1 Mrna expression was more significant than that in MMP-2.Six weeks after AA-861 treatment, the level of ALT, TBA, Hyp and SSS score were also decreased significantly. Conclusion AA-861 ameliorates CCI4 induced rat liver fibrosis by inhibiting the 5-LO pathway and decreasing the expression of 5-LO,α-SMA,Collagen-1,MMP-2 and TIMP-1.

Objective To explore the relationship between the stress during pregnancy and the NMDA-induced spasm. MethodsThe pregnant rats were divided into two groups: pregnant control group(PC group)and pregnatal stress group(PS group). The rats in PS group were forced to swim in cold water of 4℃ for five minutes. Pups of the two groups were injected NMDA 7mg/kg intraperitoneally on postnatal day 13 to induced infantile spasm-like attacks. Then the clinical behavior of pups of the two groups were observed and recorded. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was detected with scanning electron and appearance of neurons was observed with HE staining. NMDA receptor and its subuniforms (NR2A, NR2B) in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and raphe nucleus of brainstem were estimated by immunohistochemistry. Results The average score of pups in PS group is higher than in PC group(7.84 ±1.01 vs 5.90 ± 1.12). There were swelling neurons and no cytonecrosis in hippocampuss of both two groups. The uhrastructure of mitochondria in hippocampuss and raphe nucleus of brainstem showed great changes in pups of PS group as membrane in mitochondria of pups in PS group. NR1, NR2A and NR2B distributed mainly on the membrane and also in cytoplasm and cellular nucleus. The NR1 expressions in hippocampus, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and raphe nucleus in pups of PS group were elevated than those of PC group and the P value is 0.001, 0.009, 0.015, 0.001 respectively. The NR2B expressions in hippocampus, cerebral cortex hypothalamus and raphe nucleus in pups of PS group were elevated than those of PC group and the P value is 0.004, 0.002, 0.003, 0.002 separately. NR2A expressed more in hippocampus in pups of PS group than that in PC group,but there was no difference in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and raphe nucleus between two groups and the P value is separately 0.006,0.067, 0.7, 0.5. Conclusions The mitochondria of neurons in rat pup were hurt by maternal severe stress daring pregnancy, which made the energy metabolism of neurons changed. Maternal stress can also elevate the expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B in cerebral cortex, brainstem and hippocampus and increase the morbidity of infantile spasm-like attacks.

Objective To explore the lymph nodes (LN) metastasis characters of the endometrial carcinoma and its relation with the patients' prognosis. Methods A retrospective study was carried out on 227 cases of endometrial carcinoma who admitted to our department and underwent LN excision from Jul. 2000 to Feb. 2008. Results Among 227 cases who underwent pelvic LN excision, there were 22 cases (9.7%) presented LN metastasis. There were 12 cases with positive external iliac LN from 20 cases of patients with data in LN grouping. Para-aortic LN excision was carried out on 138 patients. There were 6 cases with positive para-aortic LN, 5 cases of them together with pelvic LN metastasis. Those patients with cervix involvement, annex metastasis, deep myometrium infiltration, grade 2-3 and negative estrogen receptor occurred pelvic LN metastasis more frequently than the others ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). Among the 6 cases with positive para-aortic LN, there were 3 cases ( 3/6) with deep myometrium infiltration. For those whose paraaortic LN was negative, it was only 16. 7% (22 cases). But there were no difference statistically between them ( P＞ 0. 05 ). There were significant difference in 3 years disease-free survival rate between patients with positive pelvic LN or negative pelvic LN [(81. 8 ± 8. 2)% vs ( 97. 4 ± 1. 2 ) % , P = 0. 004]. While there were not significant difference in 3 years disease-free survival rate between patients with positive para-aortic LN or negative para-aortic LN [100% vs ( 96. 7 ± 1. 6) % , P ＞ 0. 05]. Single factor analysis showed that the age more than 50 years, annex metastasis and pelvic LN metastasis related with the recurrence (P ＜0. 01). But cervix involvement, deep myometrium infiltration, para-aortic LN metastasis, pathology type, tumor grade and estrogen receptor did not relate with the recurrence ( P ＞ 0. 05 ). Cox regression analysis showed that annex metastasis and the age of patients were independent risk factors affecting the recurrence ( P = 0. 011, P = 0. 025 ). Conclusions The most common site of pelvic LN metastasis is the external iliac LN for endometrial carcinoma patients. The patients with positive para-aortic LN always accompanied pelvic LN metastasis. Those patients with cervical involvement, annex metastasis, deep myometrium infiltration, poor differentiation and negative estrogen receptor be more likely exist pelvic LN metastasis. Pelvic LN metastasis may affect the prognosis of endometrial carcinoma patients.

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy and MRI in the assessment of endometrial cancer lesions size. Methods Data from 56 patients who successively underwent transvaginal ultrasound, MRI and hysteroscopy inspection preoperative endometrial carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed to assess the accuracy of lesions size. Results The pathologic lesions size measured mean maximum diameter of 56 cases was (3.05 ± 0.23) cm, while the mean maximum diameter measured by vaginal ultrasound, MRI and hysteroscopy were respectivelly (2.46±0.31) cm, (3.12± 0.08) cm, and (3.18 ± 0.21) cm. Compared with the pathologic measured values, the compliance rates of transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy and MRI were respectively 54%(30/56), 71%(40/56)and 75%(42/56), which vaginal ultrasound measurement value was significantly different than that by pathologic measured ( P=0.031), while there were significant difference between the hysteroscopy measured lesion size and pathologic measured, or between MRI measured values and pathologic measured (all P>0.05). Conclusion Preoperative assess the endometrial cancer lesions size, significance of vaginal ultrasound examination is limited, and MRI and hysteroscopy examination is accurate, but easy to over-estimated lesion size.

Objective To explore the high-risk clinicopathological features for the recurrence and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma diagnosed as International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ.Methods Three hundreds ninety-eight consecutive patients with clinical stage I,Ⅱ endometrial adenocarcinoma underwent primary surgical therapy between Oct.1990 to Oct.2010 were studied retrospectively to analyze the correlation between clinicopathological risk factors and the disease recurrence or prognosis.Results Thirty-six patients (9.0％,36/398) developed recurrence,21 of them (58.3％,21/36) relapsed within 5 years of treatment.The results shown that the disease recurrence were significantly associated with clinicopathological factors including:age [≤50 years versus ＞ 50 years,1.9％ (2/103) versus 11.5％ (34/295) ; P =0.004] ; histologic types [adenocarcinoma versus serous papillary adenocarcinoma,8.0％ (27/338) versus 6/14; P =0.000] ; tumor grade [grade 1,2 (7.4％,25/338) versus grade 3 (17.9％,10/56) ;P =0.022] ; depth of myometrial invasion [none (3.4％,2/59) versus ＜ 1/2 (7.5 ％,18/240) versus ≥ 1/2 (16.2％,16/99) ; P =0.011] ; tumor size [≤ 2 cm (5.9％,17/287) versus ＞ 2 cm (17.1％,19/111) ; P =0.000].peritoneal cytology [negative (6.9％,22/317) versus positive (23.8％,5/21) ;P =0.019] ;ER status[negative (20.8％,11/53) versus positive (5.5％,16/293) ; P =0.000] ; PR status [negative (30.0％,15/50) versus positive (4.1％,12/295) ; P =0.031].But lympho vascular space invasion (LVSI),p53 or PTEN status were not significant effect on recurrence and prognosis.Univariate analysis of survival indicated that age,histology,tumor grade,depth of myometrial invasion,tumor size,peritoneal cytology and PR status were correlated with overall survival(OS) and disease free survival (DFS ; all P ＜ 0.05),while ER status only impact on DFS (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The results showed that age,histologic type of carcinoma,myometrial invasion,tumor grade,peritoneal cytology,tumor size,ER and PR status are significant predictors for recurrence and prognosis of FIGO Ⅰ,Ⅱ stage endometrial carcinoma.Regular follow-up after treatment is essential for patients within 5 years.

Objective　To investigate what effects BmKAS-1 (a polypeptide purified from the Chinese scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch ［BmK］ and named as BmK activator of skeletal-muscle ryanodine receptor) and its upstream mixture BmK1-3-2 have on Na+ channels in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) small diameter neurons. Methods　The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the effects of BmKAS-1 and BmK1-3-2 on Na+ current in rat small diameter DRG neurons. Results　About 50% peak Na+ current was suppressed by 10*!μg/ml of BmK1-3-2. 1.62*!μg/ml of BmKAS-1 also blocked 50% peak Na+ current, and there was an obvious dose-dependent relationship. Conclusion　Both BmK1-3-2 and BmKAS-1 have a blocking effect on Na+ channels, and this may one of the mechanisms for the analgetic effect of BmK1-3-2 and BmKAS-1.

Objective To explore the impact of 2009 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics(FIGO)staging system alteration for stage Ⅰ endometrioid adenocarcinoma on its' prognosis assessing.Methods A retrospective study was carried out on 244 cases with endometrial carcinoma admitted in Peking University People's Hospital from Jan.1995 to Feb.2008.Results(1)All 244 patients were divided into FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group(n =200)and FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group(n =44)according to FIGO 2009 staging system,while they were divided into FIGO 1988 Ⅰ a group(n =34),FIGO 1988 Ⅰ b group(n =156)and FIGO 1988 Ⅰ c group(n =29).The others 25 cases were stage Ⅱ a(n =16)and stage Ⅲa with merely positive abdominal cytology(n =9)according to FIGO 1988 staging system.(2)The higher percentage of low-grade in FIGO 1988 Ⅰ a group than that in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group(P =0.003).Compared with FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group,the age of the patients,surgery extent,the percentage of lymph node excision and received chemotherapy and radiotherapy,there were no difference in FIGO 1988 Ⅰ a and Ⅰ b group,respectively(P ＞ 0.05).There were 5.9％(2/34)and 6.7％(10/150)found relapse among FIGO 1988 Ⅰ a group and FIGO 1988 Ⅰ b group,and there were 2.9％(1/34)and 2.7％(4/150)for the two groups died of carcinoma.Compared with FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group,there were not significant difference[7.5％(13/200)vs.3.0％(6/200);P ＞0.05].The 5 years and 10 years progression-free survival(PFS)of FIGO 1988 Ⅰ a group and Ⅰ b group were(97.0 ±3.0)％,(90.9 ±6.5)％ and(95.3 ±2.1)％,(90.2 ± 3.6)％,respectively,in which there were not significant difference compared with that in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group[(96.1 ±1.6)％,(89.6±3.2)％ ; P＞0.05].The 5 years and 10 years overall survival(OS)in FIGO 1988 Ⅰ a group and Ⅰ b group were 100％,(93.8 ±6.0)％ and(96.9 ± 1.8)％,(95.2 ±2.5)％,respectively,in which there were did not significant difference with that in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group [(97.9 ± 1.2)％,(93.4 ± 2.8)％ ; P ＞ 0.05].(3)There were not significant difference between FIGO 1988 Ⅰ c group and FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group(P ＞0.05)for the age of the patients,grade,surgery extent,lymph node excision,the percentage of received chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Between FIGO 1988 Ⅰ c group and FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group,there were 3.4％(1/29)and 6.8％(3/44)cases found relapse,respectively.And there were 0 and 2.3％(1/44)cases died of carcinoma in the two groups,in which there were not differ much either(P ＞ O.05).The 5 years and 10 years PFS in FIGO 1988 Ⅰ c group were all 100％,while they were 100％ and(90.9 ±6.2)％ in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group.The 5 years and 10 years OS in FIGO 1988 Ⅰ c group were all 100％,but were 100％ and(95.0 ±4.9)％ in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group,in which they all did not significantly differ much(P ＞ 0.05).(4)The patients in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group were younger than those in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group(P ＜ 0.01).The percentage of low grade in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group were higher than that in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group(P =0.029).The percentages of received chemotherapy and radiotherapy in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group were lower than that in FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group remarkably(P ＜ 0.01).But there were not significant difference in the uterine excision extent and the percentage of lymph node excision between the two groups(P ＞ 0.05).There were not significantly differ in the relapse rates and the death rates between the FIGO 2009 Ⅰ a group and FIGO 2009 Ⅰ b group(P ＞0.05).There were also not significant difference in PFS and OS between the two groups(P ＞0.05).Conclusions There were not significant difference in the prognosis between FIGO 2009 stage Ⅰ a and FIGO 1988 stage Ⅰ a and Ⅰ b.There were also not significant difference in the prognosis between FIGO 2009 stage Ⅰ a and FIGO 2009 stage Ⅰ b,which may be due to received more chemotherapy and radiotherapy in FIGO 2009 stage Ⅰ b patients.