Objective To study the normal ranges and features for click-auditory brainstem responses of children in 3~5 years old.Methods Normal results of click-ABR from 132 normal children (224 ears)were ana-lyzed.The children were divided into three groups:Group A (74 ears from children of 3 years old),Group B (78 ears from children of 4 years old)and Group C (72 ears from children of 5 years old).The ABR data were statisti-cally analyzed by ANOVA with SPSS.Results At 80 dB nHL,the wave Ⅰ,Ⅲ,and Ⅴ latencies and intervals of wave Ⅰ- Ⅲ,and wave Ⅰ-Ⅴ of ABR for 3 -year old children were 1.24 ±0.09 ms,3.53 ±0.16 ms,5.39 ± 0.23 ms,2.30±0.15ms and 4.15 ±0.22 ms,respectively,and for 4 -year-old children,they were1.23 ±0.10 ms,3.52±0.39 ms,5.30±0.21 ms,2.28±0.39 ms and 4.07 ±0.22 ms,respectively.For 5 - year-old chil-dren,they were1.24±0.10 ms,3.67±0.63 ms and 5.34±0.19 ms,2.42±0.63 ms and 4.09±0.19 ms,respec-tively.The thresholds for 3-year children were 22.57 ±4.40 dB nHL,for 4 - year children,21.15 ±4.83 dB nHL,and for 5 - year children,21.11±3.48 dB nHL.Among three groups,only latency of wave V and interval of wave I-V had statistical differences,and a further analysis showed the statistical differences in Groups A and B. No statistical differences were observed in Groups B and C.The latency of wave I and thresholds of ABR for the children of different ages were not significantly different.Conclusion The resvits of this study suggest the brainstem may mature at 4 years old.

Objective To study the causes and clinical features associated with hoarseness in children.Meth-ods The data of 4 668 children suffering from hoarseness were analyzed with electronic-nasopharyngolaryngosco-py retrospectively.ResuIts The top 6 common causes of hoarseness were chronic laryngitis (1 817 cases,38.9%), vocal cord nodules (1 494 cases,32.0%),vocal hypertrophy (560 cases,12.0%),the paralysis of vocal cord (373 cases,8.0%),congenital sulcus vocalis (149 cases,3.2%)and recurrent respiratory papilloma disease (140 cases,3. 0%).These six diseases were common in children with hoarseness with 4 533 out of 4668 (97.1%);of the chil-dren were 2 to 10 years old as the largest age group (65.8%,3 072/4 668)and the ratio of male and female was 2. 48:1.The top six diseases were statistically distributed in different age groups (P<0.01).ConcIusion The main causes of hoarseness were different in different age groups.The children aged 2 to 10 years old made up the largest group (3 072/4 668),showing the greatest incidence of hoarseness in children .The incidence for male patients was higher than female and the chronic laryngitis was the top disease.Hoarseness in children was different from that of adults so that to understand the characteristics of this disorder in children will be beneficial to the proper diagnosis and effective treatment.

Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign vascular tumors,accounting for 10％ of the incidence of benign tumors.Most hemangiomas may involute spontaneously,without any medical intervention.But partly because of the special parts of its growth,such as pediatric airway (subglottic),potentially it has fatality.So it is essential to give prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment.Although there are multiple literatures have reported about the management of the subglottic hemangioma,there is no unified conclusion.This article summarizes a variety of methods on the diagnosis and treatment of infantile subglottic hemangioma.And the advantages and disadvantages of various treatments with the cases and the literature were assessed,so as to provide individualized treatment options for infantile.

0.05).Conclusion The peaked tympanogram of 1 000 Hz probe tone tympanometry in infants indicates normal results while flat tympanograms and other irregular shapes are abnormal.The middle ear functions are affected with flat tympanograms.The 1 000 Hz probe tone tympanometry is a valuable diagnostic tool to evaluate the middle ear functions in infants while 226 Hz probe tone tympanometry is considered inappropriate for infants.The 1000Hz tympanometry is more sensitive than ABR Wave Ⅰlatency and DPOAE responses.

Objective:To study the relationship of retaining time of tympanic ventilation tube and aural complications. Method:Three-hundred-five patients(659 ears)with otitis media with effusion(OME)received tympanostomy tube insertion. The tube were removed 6-36 months after tube insertion. Then aural complications were recorded in different tube retaining time, followed with a statistic analysis. Result: Fifty-five tubes of 29 patients were removed at 1-6 months after tube insertion, with spontaneous extrusion 3.4%, blocked tube 10. 3%, intrusion into the middle ear O, granulation 'tissue O, cholesteatoma O, otorrhea 6.9%, perforation O. One hundred and ninty tubes of 96 patients were removed at 6-12 months after tube insertion,with spontaneous extrusion 7. 3%,blocked tube 15.6%, intrusion into the middle ear 1%, granulation tissue O, cholesteatoma O, otorrhea 5.2%,perforation O. Three huandred and eight tubes of 156 patients were removed at 12-24 months after tube insertion, with spontaneous extrusion 9%,blocked tube 12.8% ,intrusion into the middle ear 1.3%,granulation tissue 1.9% ,cholesteatoma 0.6%,otorrhea 2.5%,perforation was O. One hundred and sixty one tubes of 83 patients were removed at 24-36 months after tube insertion, with spontaneous extrusion 36.1%, blocked tube 53%, intrusion into the middle ear 6%, granulation tissue 3. 6%, cholesteatoma 2.4%, otorrhea 2.4%, perforation 2.4%. Conclusion:The occurrence of complication didn't increase with time going by when the ventilation tube retained less than two years. However, when the ventilation tube retained more than two years, the occurrence of spontaneous extrusion and blocked tube increased obviously.

0.05),but the difference was significant at high frequency(P

OBJECTIVE: To classify congenital laryngeal cysts in 62 newborn or infants, and to discuss the characteristics of different operation mode. METHOD: The clinical data of 62 infants with laryngeal cysts treated were reviewed retrospectively. After the examination of neck palpation, laryngoscope and imaging (CT or MRI), all patients were under general anesthesia of laryngeal cyst excision. we select operation mode according to the classification. Classification include: 61 cases of cysts were confined to the larynx, 1 case was beyond the larynx. Surgical managements include: an excision through external carotid approach in 1 case beyond the larynx, 61 cases had endoscopic excision under general anesthesia (12 cases with traditional bite exception, 12 cases with powered system and 37 cases with low-temperature radiofrequency ablation). RESULT: The operations was successful. No recurrence was found after 0.5 to 7 years follow-up. CONCLUSION To chose surgical management after classification and preoperative assessment, which could avoid unnecessary opening surgical approaches, reducing the recurrence, and preventing repeated endoscopic treatment or tracheotomy. The low-temperature radiofrequency ablation had the advantages of short operation time, less bleeding, little injury, low recurrence rate and light postoperative reaction. It is worthy of clinical promotion.
Child, Preschool ; Cysts ; congenital ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Laryngeal Diseases ; congenital ; surgery ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the clinical characteristics of nasopharyngeal teratoma in infants and improve the levels of diagnosis and treatment to reduce misdiagnosis. METHOD: The clinical data of 11 cases of nasopharyngeal teratoma in infants were reviewed retrospectively and summarized the clinical features. After the preoperative examination of nasopharyngeal endoscopy and imaging (CT or MRI), all patients were under general anesthesia of nasopharyngeal teratoma surgical resection. Of them, 8 cases were used radiofrequency ablation, 3 cases used conventional power systems. RESULT: Eleven cases with neoformation were completely removed, the operation time was 5-15 min, blood loss was 1-5 ml, patients had no significant nasal obstruction, bleeding, eating nasopharyngeal regurgitation, breathing difficulties or other complications. No recurrence was found after 10 months to 9 years followed up. CONCLUSION The nasopharyngeal mass must be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of breathing difficulties in infants, especially when it exists together with upper airway obstruction symptoms; The low-temperature radiofrequency ablation with endoscopic had the advantages of short time, precise control, less bleeding, clear operative field, little injury and pain, low recurrence, providing a new clinical treatments.
Catheter Ablation ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Infant ; Nasal Obstruction ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; surgery ; Nasopharynx ; pathology ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Retrospective Studies ; Teratoma ; surgery

OBJECTIVE: Probe into the causes of postoperative delayed hemorrhage of low temperature plasma tonsillectomy in children. METHOD: The methods of retrospective analysis the difference of postoperative bleeding time and bleeding rate between tonsillectomy by the low temperature plasma and the traditional cold surgical devices in 2-14 years old children. Plasma group contained the tonsillectomy by low temperature plasma between the March in 2012 to the August in 2013. Traditional group contained the tonsillectomy by traditional cold surgical devices between the March in 2005 to the August in 2006. RESULT: In the 1,000 cases of plasma group, 19 cases occurred postoperative hemorrhage, the hemorrhage rate was 1. 9%. Four cases occurred postoperative primary hemorrhage in 8 hours after operation, the postoperative primary hemorrhage rate was 0. 4%. Fifteen cases occurred postoperative delayed hemorrhage, the delayed hemorrhage rate was 1. 50%, the bleeding time was 2-13 days after operation, the average number was 7. 5 days. Nine cases had wound infection and 6 cases had eaten some food improperly in these 15 cases. And in these eaten improperly cases, 4 children had eaten fruit and hard food, 2 children had eaten a little food who lost their weight. In 860 cases of the traditional group, 29 cases occurred postoperative hemorrhage, the hemorrhage rate was 3. 37%. 26 cases occurred postoperative primary hemorrhage in 8 hours after operation, the postoperative primary hemorrhage rate was 3. 02%. Three cases occurred postoperative delayed hemorrhage, the delayed hemorrhage rate was 0. 35%, the bleeding time was 2-6 days, the average number was 4 days. CONCLUSION It is preferable for chileren to having low temperature plasma tonsillectomy. The causes of postoperative delayed hemorrhage of low temperature plasma tonsillectomy in children are probably related to the postoperative infection, the differences of operation skills, the method of stop bleeding, eating the wrong foods, irritating cough, improper nursing and so on.
Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cold Temperature ; Humans ; Plasma Gases ; Postoperative Hemorrhage ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Tonsillectomy ; adverse effects ; methods

Otitis media is a common problem in children, which may cause hearing loss and complications sometimes. This topic will review the definition, causes, types, clinical characteristics and treatments of each type of ear infections in children, by reading recently literatures. It is important to make an accurate diagnosis and choose a appropriate treatment of otitis media in children to avoid antibiotics abusing. Sometime some cases need operations, which are effective, especially in chronic suppurative otitis media and cholesteatoma, and we need further studying focuse on when do the operations and how to shoose them.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Otitis Media ; therapy