Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and iNOS/COX-2 signal transduction path-ways are closely related to occurrence and development of diseases , such as tumor, immunity, inflammation, hypoxia, ischemia, injury and so on.iNOS/COX-2 controls the physiological and pathological activities of human lower urinary tract .This article summarizes the role and mechanism of iNOS/COX-2 signal transduction pathways in related diseases .It not only provids an important target for treat-ment of disease and but provides a theoretical basis and research ideas for the development and research of new drugs .

BACKGROUND: Collagen type Ⅰ possesses low antigenicity and provides special functions of scaffold structure for cell migration, proliferation and secretion.OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological change after combination of transformed human embryonic tendon cells and artificial materials with collagen type Ⅰ, so as to provide the experimental basis for constructing tissue-engineered muscle tendon in vitro.DESIGN: Randomized and controlled observation.SETTING: Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University.MATERIALS: This experiment was carried out at the Department of Transplantation Immunology, West China University of Medical Sciences from July to September 1998. Human hair, carbon fiber and polyglycolic acid were combined with collagen and then set corresponding groups respectively. Simply hair, carbon fiber and polyglycolic acid control groups were set respectively. Artificial materials: Healthy adult hair (30 cm in length, 80 g in weight), carbon fiber knitted strip (Lanzhou carbon factory )and polyglyolic acid fasciculi (Johnson , American) were used in this experiment.METHODS: ①In the group of human hair combined with collagen,nine healthy adult hairs were chosen . Three hairs as one bundle were knitted into tendon with 0.8 cm in length and 0.4 cm in diameter and a knot was tied respectively at the two ends. ②In the carbon fiber combined with collagen group, the purchased carbon fiber knitted strip was separated and made into artificial materials with the same diameter and length as those of human hair tendon. Two ends of the artificial materials were packed with 5/0 silk thread. ③In the polyglycolic acid combined with collagen group, three polyglycolic acid fasciculi were weaved into bundle with the same diameter and length as those of human tendon,and two ends were packed with 5/0 silk thread. ④The process of knitting scaffold materials was the same in control groups as in the corresponding experimental groups. ⑤ Five pieces were prepared in each scaffold material. After sterilized by 60Co, the scaffold materials were put in collagen type Ⅰ solution for 0.5 hour, then taken out and dried at roomtemperature for use in the experimental groups. ⑥transformed human embryonic tendon cell, density for 3×106/mm3, was used for combined culture in each group, and cell number and morphology were observed at different time points after culture under an inverted microscope and scanning electron microscope.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Observation of cell growth and adherence under an inverted microscope ② Observation of cell morphology and material adherence under scanning electron microscope RESULTS: ① Observation of cell growth and adherenceunder an inverted microscope :In each experimental group, at two hours after culture, cells gathered around the materials, and some cells adhered to materials presented round; At three days after culture, the number of cells adhered to materials began to increase, morphology changed from round to oval, and the co-existence of round and oval cells was seen;While in each control group, at two and three hours after culture, few cells adhered to the three materials. On day five after culture, in each experimental group, cell morphology turned into fusiform, the number of cells increased further and a great many fusiform cells grew among carbon fiber materials; while in the control group, most cells presented round and ellipse, and the number of cells was less as compared with the corresponding experimental group. ② Cell morphology and material adherence under scanning electron microscope: On day 5 after in vitro culture, most tendon cells on the surface of materials presented spindle-shape in each experimental group. Apophysis stretched out from the tendon cells, grew along longitudinal axon of the materials. Silk and piece-like substance appeared among the apophysis and weaved each other. While there were fewer cells adhered in control group than in corresponding experimental group, cells also presented fusiform or round, but no silk or piece-like substance was found, also no apophysis appeared.CONCLUSION: Human hair, carbon fiber and polyglycolic acid combined with collagen type Ⅰ will facilitate cell adherence. Cells increase around the materials and co-existence of round and oval cells could be seen, and cells turned into fusiform, suggesting that exogenous collagen facilitate the cells to adhere onto the materials and proliferate.

Objective To investigate the distribution and effect of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) on the zero-stress state of carotid arteries in rats at different ages.Methods Morphometry and microstructure of carotid artery in 3-month-old,6-month-old and 12-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were studied quantitatively by histological method and computer image analysis.Immunohistochemistry and the NADPH-diaphorase reaction were used to localize the endothelial nitric oxide synthas (eNOS) in different age rats.The changes of opening angle in the zero-stress state was also observed.Results With increasing age,there was a significant reconstruction changes in morphometric parameters and microstructure parameters of the carotid arteries in rats.While the expression of eNOS protein of endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells were decreased.Compared with 3-month-old rats,the zero-stress state.of opening angle in 6-month-old and 12-month-old group were increased.However,pre-incubation of vessel rings with L-arginine (30 mmol/L),a substrate of eNOS,attenuated the changes of the zero-stress state.Conclusions The results suggest that the carotid arterial wall in different age rats shows unequal growth and different zero-stress state eNOS may be involved in the age-related changes of zero-stress state of the carotid artery in aged rats.The results may provid an experimental base for vascular transplantation and vascular reconstruction.

Objective To observe the effect of kidney-tonifying herbal medicine (KTHM) on the changes of female rat genital system induced by Tripterygium wilfordii Hook(TWH).Methods Thirty female rats with normal oestrus cycle were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group,TWH group and TWH+KTHM group. The changes of genital system in all rats were examined after 90-day feeding. Results Compared with the TWH group,oestrus cycle was normal, estrogen and progestogen level and the weight of reproductive organs increased, the ovary was big,follicle grew well with more corpus luteum and good blood supplying, endometrium was thick with hyperplastic uterine gland,and vaginal epithelium became thick and cornificated in TWH+KTHM group. Conclusion Kidney-tonifying herbal medicine can antagonize the toxic and side effects of Tripterygium Wilfordii on the genital system of female rat.

Objective:To investigate the clinical therapeutic effect of low-dose chemotherapy in advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients with weak physical condition, and to evaluate the related factors affecting the prognosis.Methods:The clinical data of 118 advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients with weak physical condition who were admitted to Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University from March 2018 to May 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to make survival analysis in patients stratified by different factors, and log-rank was used to test. Multiple factor analysis of prognosis was performed by using Cox regression model. The association of clinicopathological factors with the prognosis was evaluated.Results:Among 118 patients, 16 (13.6%) cases were esophageal cancer, 41 (34.7%) cases were gastric cancer, 48 (40.7%) cases were colorectal cancer, 13 (11.0%) cases were pancreatic cancer. The overall survival (OS) rates of 6 months and 1-year were 44.1% and 10.2%, respectively. Survival analysis showed that patients with hemoglobin ≥100 g/L, serum albumin > 40 g/L and normal gastrointestinal function had better OS (all P < 0.05), while patients with physical status score of 3 scores and pain had worse OS (all P < 0.05). Cox multivariate analysis showed that after adjusting age and gender, hemoglobin level ( HR = 0.314, 95% CI 0.241-0.977, P = 0.001), pain ( HR = 2.016, 95% CI 1.697-7.038, P = 0.008) and gastrointestinal function ( HR = 1.751, 95% CI 1.607-6.080, P = 0.036) were independent influencing factors of OS in advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients with weak physical condition after receiving low-dose chemotherapy. Conclusions:Low-dose chemotherapy can still benefit advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients with weak physical condition. Hemoglobin level, pain and gastrointestinal function are independent prognostic factors for these patients.

OBJECTIVE:To establish the detection method for pyrogen-related factor interleukin 1β(IL-1β)through optimiz-ing detection condition,and to conduct preliminary methodology study. METHODS:The in vitro fresh human whole blood detec-tion method was used. The bacterial endotoxin standard solution(5,2,0.8,0.32 EU/ml)were added into diluted blood;using di-luted RPMI 1640 as blank control,the content of IL-1β in blood sample was determined by ELISA after incubation. The relation-ship of the addition of different attenuants(RPMI 1640 culture,sterilized normal saline)and fetal bovine serum,final dilution vol-ume fraction(40%,20%,10%and 8.3%)and storage duration(2,5,6,8,26 h)with the contents of endotoxin IL-1βwere in-vestigated,and related coefficient and detection limits were calculated. Different dilution times of Qingkailing injection and Ginaton injection samples and interference solutions were added into diluted blood to detect their recovery. RESULTS:The results indicated that RPMI 1640 media and 40% diluted blood was more sensitive(detection limit was 0.128 EU/ml,r=0.993);while the addition of fetal bovine serum didn’t influence the results. The detection limits of blood sample storied at 4 ℃ for 26 h were 0.128 EU/ml (r>0.990). When Qingkailing injection and Ginaton injection were diluted 10,32 and more times,the detection method was not interfered and the recovery ranged 68%-118%. CONCLUSIONS:Established in vitro fresh human whole blood detection method can be used for the detection of pyrogen,and provides trial evidence for the pyrogen detection of TCM injection.

Objective To summarize the experience of applying choledochoscopy, duodenoscopy and laparoscopy, one-stage suturing of common bile duct, to treat cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis that failed to respond to ordinary endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Methods Retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of twenty-five pa-tients with choledocholithiasis complicated with cholecystolithiasis. 25 cases of failure to endoscopic stone extraction underwent LC and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration with primary suture of (BD) from June 2013 to June 2015. Results One patient was converted to laparotomy with small incision. The other one had residual stones and therefore underwent a second EST. After the treatment, two patients developed hyperamylasemia, which was cured by conservative therapy; One patient had bile leakage, which was treated by percutaneous drainage with no serious complications and death. No long-term complication was found in a portion of patients followed up until now. Conclusion In properly selected patients of duodenoscopy management-failed, synchronous treatment of combined application of three endoscopies in laparoscopic surgery with primary suture of (BD) is feasible, effective and safe.

Objective To verify and valuate the performance of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) detection by the direct clearance method and evaluate its preliminary clinical application in acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods Case control study:The performance (accuracy,precision,linearity) of sdLDL-C was assessed by direct clearance method.In 143 cases of ACS patients selected from Cardiology Department and Emergency Department of Shangdong Provincial Hospital from April to October in 2016,with 100 cases male,female 43 cases,including acute myocardial infarction (AMI)group of 59 cases,unstable angina pectoris (UAP) group of 84 cases;83 cases of healthy volunteers as a control group selected from health physical examination center of Shandong Provincial Hospital,with 59cases male,female 24 cases.Levels of sdLDL-C,total cholesterol (TCH),triglyceride (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),apolipoprotein A (ApoA I),apolipoprotein B (ApoB),lipoprotein (a) (Lpa) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) were detected separately by automatic biochemical analyzer.Non high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) equals TCH minus HDL-C.x2 test,t test,one-way ANOVA,Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used as statistical methods.Results The within-lot or between-lot variation was 2.85％ and 3.36％.Methodological comparison:regression equation Y =0.984X + 0.018,r2 =0.966,t =-0.191,P =0.850.There was a good linear correlation (Y =1.026X + 0.007,r2 =0.999) between theoretical values and actual detection results in range of 0.15-2.65 mmol/L.SdLDL-C concentrations were positive correlated with TCH,non-HDL,LDL-C,TG,ApoB (r =0.758,0.848,0.839,0.514,0.885,respectively,P ＜0.01),and negative correlated with HDL-C (r =-0.224,P =0.001),but no correlation with APOA I,Lpa and Hs-CRP(r =-0.021,0.050,0.003,respectively,P ＞ 0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the factors influencing sdLDL-C level were HDL-C,ApoB,LDL-C and TG.The levels of sdLDL-C,TG in the ACS group were significantly higher than those in the control group (t =3.415,4.660,respectively,P ＜ 0.01),but no difference between the two groups in the levels of TCH,non-HDL-C and LDL-C (t=-1.831,-0.452,-1.398,respectively,P ＞0.05).Comparing AMI group with control group,sdLDL-C,TG and Hs-CRP were significantly higher than the control group (P =0.000,0.000,0.000,respectively),but TCH,LDL-C and non-HDL were similar between the two groups (P =0.800,0.320,0.120,respectively);Comparing UAP group with control group,TG and Hs-CRP were higher than control group (P =0.001,0.047,respectively),TCH and LDL-C were significantly lower than the control group (P =0.003,0.008,respectively),but sdLDL-C had no difference (P =0.305);Comparing AMI group with UAP group,sdLDL-C,TCH,LDL-C and Hs-CRP were significantly higher than UAP group (P =0.000,0.003,0.001,0.000,respectively),and TG were no statistical significance (P =0.473).Conclusions Direct clearance method can meet the requirement of sdLDL-C detection.sdLDL-C level can assess the metabolism of blood lipids and be used as an independent risk factor and predictive index of ACS,superior to LDL-C.

Objective To predict the CTL epitopes of Tat exon 1 region in HIV-1 CRF07_BC strains, which were prevailing in China. Methods Total of 236 plasma samples were from the 3rd National HIV Molecular Epidemic Survey (NMES3). All the subjects were infected with HIV-1 CRF07_BC viruses. The tat exon 1 region was amplified by reverse transcription reaction and nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR), then the PCR products were sequenced. The distribution of CTL epitopes of this region were predicted by on-line software BIMAS HLA Peptide Binding Predictions and statistics software. Results To-tal of 236 CRF07_BC strains were from 16 provinces, mainly in intravenous drug asers(58.9%)and then sex(25.0%). It was showed that there were 12 CTL epitopes of 236 Tat exon 1 region of CRF07_BC strains mainly located in proline-rich region, cysteine-rich region and core-region. Those epitopes were banded by 5 HLA presenting molecules in genotype(A * 2501 ,A * 2902, B * 15,B * 5301 and Cw * 1203) and 6 HLA presenting molecules in serotype (B53, B58 ,B57 ,A3 ,A68 and Cw12). The frequency of single amino acid substitution was more than 50% in 7 CTL epitopes. Conclusion The CTL epitopes in Tat exon 1 of CRF07 _BC strains were located in different functional regions, and there were some amino acid variations in them.

Objective To investigate the developmental feasibility of early human fetal testes (<3 months) using xenografting technique and to acquire an accessible donor derivation that is essential for studying human germ cell development. Methods Nine testes from 10-13 weeks aborted fetus were grafted under the back skin of 6 castrated nude mice. Grafts were collected at different time point according to the growth of the donor tissues and the health condition of the recipients. Morphological and histological analyses were performed for the observation of the development of grafted immature testicular tissues. Results The mass of grafts was increased from about 5-7mg to 84.1mg (the biggest). Six of 9 testes were to be in developing. Histological observations showed a significant expansion of seminiferous tubules from (44.26±3.14)μm to (77.69±7.47)μm. Cells dispersedly distributed in seminiferous cords at the time of grafting migrated towards the basal part of seminiferous epithelium. Some germ cells with spermatogonium-like characteristics located on the basement membrane. Sertoli cells were in stages from immature into matured with abundant cytoplasm which were orderly arranged around spermatogonia forming a niche-like structure. Conclusion Testes from early aborted human fetus grafted under the back skin of castrated nude mice showed further development and therefore could be used as an easier accessible donor tissues for the investigation of human spermatogenetic mechanism.