Objective To investigate the effect of angiotensin 1-7(Ang 1-7) on renal proximal tubular epithelial cell(HK-2) transdifferentiation induced by high glucose.Methods All the raised HK-2 cells were divided into 5 groups: normal control group,high glucose group,high glucose with Ang1-7 group,high glucose with Ang1-7 and A779 group,high glucose with pioglitazone group.Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ(PPAR-γ) and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) was detected by Western blotting,real-time PCR and immunofluorescence.Results The levels of PPAR-γ protein and mRNA in HK-2 cells were significantly increased after treatment with high glucose and Ang 1-7.Expression of α-SMA protein and mRNA was inhibited remarkably after treatment with high glucose and Ang 1-7.These effects of Ang 1-7 on HK-2 cells could be reversed by Mas receptor antagonist A779.Conclusion Ang 1-7 inhibits high glucose-induced expression of o-SMA in HK-2 cells,which is in part through the Mas.

Objective To investigate the effect of surfactant protein D(SP-D)overexpression on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)expression in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells(HK-2)and its mechanism. Methods HK-2 cells were treated with LPS at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 2, 5, 10 mg/L)for 8 h and at 5 mg/L for various time points(0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 h). Expression of SP-D was detected by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Expression of MCP-1 was determined by ELISA and real-time PCR. Human SP-D cDNA eukaryotic expression vector pEE14-hSP-D was transfected to HK-2 cells. The changes in transfected cells of SP-D protein were observed by Western blotting. Expression of MCP-1 was detected by ELJSA and real-time PCR. Results SP-D was expressed in HK-2 cells. The levels of SP-D protein and mRNA in HK-2 cells were significantly decreased after treatment with LPS(P<0.05). Expression of MCP-1 protein and mRNA was increased remarkably after treatment with LPS(P<0.05). HK-2 cells transfected with pEE14-hSP-D showed up-regulated expression of SP-D. The overexpression of SP-D inhibited the LPS-inducedexpression of MCP-1(P<0.01). Conclusions SP-D inhibits LPS-induced expression of MCP-1 in HK-2 cells. SP-D may play an important role in the modulation of renal inflammation.

Objective To evaluate the effect of aldosterone (Ald) on glomerular mesangial cells apoptosis and to explore the possible mechanisms.Methods Twenty-four Sprngue-Dawley rats were subcutaneously embedded with osmotic mini-pumps and randomly divided into 3 groups.Aldosterone (1.5 μg/h) was administrated subcutaneouly by osmotic mini-pumps in Ald group,eplerenone (Epl,100 mg·kg-1·d-1) and Ald (1.5 μg/h) was given to Epl group.And normal saline was used in control group (Con group).Systolic blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) were detected on day 0,7,14,21,28.Blood and kidney samples were harvested on day 28.Plasma creatinine,potassium and aldosterone were measured.Renal paraffin sections were stained by PAS and the morphological changes were evaluated by light microscopy.Apoptosis index of mesangial cells were detected by TUNEL assay.The glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) were cultured in a DMEM-F12 media.MCs apoptosis was evaluated by staining cells with Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) using flow cytometer.Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA was examined by RT-PCR.The protein level of Bad or phospho-Bad was measured by Western blotting.Results Ald-infused rats developed hyperaldosteronemia and hypokalemia.Rats in Ald group exhibited significant hypertension and marked albuminuria.Ald group rats showed increased number of TUNEL-positive mesangial cells when compared with control rats (P＜0.05).Aldosterone induced mesangial cells apoptosis in a time-dependent manner.Expression of Bcl-2 mRNA was decreased but Bax mRNA was increased in aldosterone treated MCs compared to that in Con group (P＜0.05).Aldosterone promoted dephosphorylation of cytosolic phospho-Bad compared with vehicle treated cells (P＜ 0.05).However,eplerenone attenuated these effects of aldosterone.Conclusion Aldosterone directly promotes mesangial cells apoptosis,and eplerenone can attenuate this effect of aldosterone.Dephosphorylation of cytosolic phospho-Bad may be the key role in the progression of mesangial cells apoptosis induced by aldosterone.

Objective To investigate the effects of angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) on the expression of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) in Ang Ⅱ-infused rat model and cultured podocytes,and to explore the role of Csk in Ang Ⅱ-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement of podocytes.Methods Twenty-four Wista rats were randomly subjected to normal saline infusion,or Ang Ⅱ infusion at 400 ng · kg1 · min-1 (via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps) for 2 or 4 weeks.Renal histomorphology was evaluated through electron microscopy.The expression of glomerular Csk was analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting.In vitro,conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes were cultured and treated with Ang Ⅱ doses ranging from 10-9 mol/L to 10-5 mol/L and for different hours.The expression of podocytes Csk was assessed by Western blotting.After transfection to podocytes with Csk siRNA,FITC-conjugated phalloidin was used to stain F-actin,to investigate the role of Csk in Ang Ⅱ-induced or cytochalasin D-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement.Results (1) Examination of Ang Ⅱ infusion rats glomerular and podocyte ultrastructure by electron microscopy revealed foot process effacement and fusion; (2) In Ang Ⅱ infusion rats,the expression of glomerular Csk was increased (P ＜ 0.05); (3) In vitro,Ang Ⅱ-stimuli up-regulated the expression of Csk (P ＜ 0.05),and the effects of Ang Ⅱ were on dose-dependent and time-dependent manner; (4) Ang Ⅱ-induced disruption of F-actin was alleviated by Csk siRNA transfection in cultured podocytes; furthermore,cytochalasin D depolymerized the F-actin cytoskeleton,while Csk siRNA stabilized the actin filaments.Conclusion The enhanced expression of Csk may be involved in Ang II-induced podocytes cytoskeletal rearrangement and foot process fusion.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of Ang Ⅱ on apoptosis of podocytes and explore the signaling pathwayof nephrin in preventingAng Ⅱ-inducedpodocyte apoptosis.MethodsDifferentiated mouse podocytes were exposed to Ang Ⅱ at different concentrations for 18 h or at 10-8 mol/L for variable incubation times.Undifferentiated mouse pedocytes were transfected using lipofectamine 2000 with the pcDNA3.1-mNPHS1 plasmid and stably transfected cell lines were generated with G418 selection.In separated experiments,untransfected mouse podocytes (MPC) and stably transfected podocytes with pcDNA3.1-neo and PcDNA3.1-mNPHS1 were exposed toAng Ⅱ(10-8 mol/L) or LY294002(a selective Akt inhibitor,50 μmol/L) for indicated times.Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry.The expression of nephrin was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR,immunofluorescence and Western blotting.The phosphorylation level of Akt was determined by Westem blotting.Results(1) AngⅡ promoted podocyte apoptosis in a dose-and time-dependentmanner. PretreatmentwithlosartansignificantlypreventedAngⅡ -induced apoptosis. (2) Nephfin mRNA and protein were obviously decreased in podocytes exposed to 10-8 mol/L Ang Ⅱ for at least 12 h than those in vehicle-treated cells (P＜0.05).(3) Ang Ⅱ exposure for more than 15 min inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT in MPC,which was dramatically reversed by pcDNA3.1-mNPHS1 transfection,but not by pcDNA3.1-neo transfection. (4) Podocyte apoptosis was promoted byLY294002. Conversely,Ang Ⅱ-induced podocyteapoptosis was significantly alleviated by pcDNA3.1-mNPHS1 transfection.ConclusionAng Ⅱinduces mouse podocyte apoptosis which is suppressed by overexpression of nephrin through PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of posterior pedicle screw internal fixation in the treatment of multiple level noncontiguous thoracolumbar fractures.Methods Thirteen patients with multiple level noncontiguous thoracolumbar fractures were treated by posterior pedicle screw internal fixation.The Frankel score,percentage of vertebral compression and Cobb angle of the injured vertebral segment were analyzed to evaluate the surgery efficacy.Results All patients were followed up from 12 to 24 months ( averaged 15 months ).All cases achieved bone fusion with no implant failure.The Cobb angle of the injured vertebral segment was corrected from preoperative(22.2 ±5.3) degree to postoperative(5.3 ±3.5) degree and(6.2 ±3.6) degree at the last follow up.The percentage of vertebral compression was corrected from preoperative (45.7 ± 14.1 )％ to postoperative ( 6.1 ± 3.8 ) ％ and ( 7.2 ± 3.9 ) ％ at the last follow up.All improvements showed significant differences when compared statistically( t =15.03,t =12.05,Ps ＜0.05 ).The spinal cord function was improved 1 to 2 degree in all patients except 2 patients of grade A.Conclusion The posterior fixation with pedicle screw is a secure,safe and effective method in treating multiple level noncontiguous thoracolumbar fracture.

Objective The present study aimed to trace the behavior results and event-related potential (ERP) of conflict monitoring from 7 ～ 12 years old to explore the development features of the conflict monitoring.Methods In six groups of 144 children aged from 7 to 12,behavior and non-target N2 amplitude were analyzed in continuous performance test (CPT) task. Results 1. Behavior results:the reaction time of target stimulus decreased ( ( 533.33 ± 66.65 ) ms, (523.91 ± 92.96 ) ms, (468.37 ± 64. 13 ) ms, ( 46 1.48 ± 98.31 ) ms, (457.57 ±84.05 ) ms, (405.02 ± 67.90) ms) and the hitting number increased ( ( 34.87 ± 4.84 ), ( 37.64 ± 3.54 ), ( 37.95± 2.92 ), (38.67 ± 1.23 ), (39.31 ± 1.08 ), ( 39.45 ± 1.00 ) ) as age increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( P＜0.01 ). 2. ERP: ①The non-target N2 amplitude was significantly higher than the target,and the difference was statistically significant (F= 98.57, P＜ 0.01 ). ②The amplitude of non-target N2 amplitude decreased with age, and the difference was statistically significant (F= 5.54, P＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusion The non-target N2 was closely related to the monitoring conflict, and the behavior and ERP results in this study showed the development trend. 8 ～ l0 and 12 years old are the critical development period of information processing speed, attention and conflict monitoring function for children.

Objective To investigate pathological mechanism of dysfunction of executive control in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ,using a new resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) index, fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (fALFF). Methods Thirty children of school age with ADHD and thirty gender, age and education-matched healthy controls were experienced restingstate fMRI scans. fALFF approach was used to analyze blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI(BOLD-fMRI) data in resting state. Results Compared with the normal controls,the ADHD showed decreased fALFF in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus( BA10, t=5. 40,4.11 ,Z =4.81,3.82),bilateral middle frontal gyrus( BA9,BA46, t=5.72,5.37, Z = 5.04,3.08 ), right medial frontal gyrus ( BA 10, t = 5.53, Z = 4.90 ) and left precuneus ( t = 3.81, Z =3.57). And the ADHD showed increased fALFF in the bilateral limbic lobe (BA36, t = 4.37,5.20, Z = 4.02,4.66 ), right brainstem ( t = 4.77, Z = 4.34) and bilateral cerebellum ( t = 4.65,4.83, Z = 4.24,4.38 ). Conclusion The results suggest that lower activition of frontal may be the core deficit of executive control with ADHD in resting state,and high activation in several brain regions may be related to compensatory effect.

Objective To investigate cross-cultural differences in picture recognition memory of medical students. Methods Picture recognition memory were assessed by the classic new-old picture recognition,and behavioral results were recorded during the test. Results For new medical picture recognition, mean accuracy of Chinese medical students( 83.21 ± 8.95 )% was considerably higher than that of Indian medical students( 75.56 ±12.63)% (P＜0.05), while for old medical picture recognition, reaction time (RT) of Chinese medical students ( ( 887.57 ± 104.07 ) ms ) was longer than that of Indian medical students ( ( 840.93 ± 1 22.48 ) ms) (P＜0.05).Three way ANOVA suggested that cultural background and picture type significantly affected accuracy and RT,learning experience affected RT. In addition to picture type and learning experience, the interaction of each factors is not remarkable. Conclusion Cultural background, professional background and learning experiences have affected recognition memory. Medical students of different cultural background adopted difference strategies in picture recognition memory.

Objective To compare the event-related potential(ERP) difference waveforms between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children and normal children in the conflict task,and to investigate the neural mechanism of conflict monitoring of ADHD. Methods ERPs elicited by performing the spatial SimonStroop task were recorded in 32 children with ADHD and 32 normal children. The differences of ERP and behavior dren with ADHD(0.80±0. 11 ,0.87 ±0.08) were less than normal children (0.88 ±0.07,0.93 ±0. 04)in Sireaction time of ADHD group( (773.03 ±99.34)ms) in the Siin were longer than the control group( (737.21 ±81.40)ms) ,the differences had statistic significance (P＜0. 05). 2. ERP results:the amplitude of N2 of the children with ADHD in the four conditions were smaller than the control group, the difference in Siin had statistic sigof prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of ADHD were weaker than the control group. Conclusions The results suggest that, due to the inadequate allocation of attention resources of the children with ADHD, they have conflict monitoring function defects compare with normal children. The function defects of conflict information processing related brain areas may be the main neural mechanism. The result of the behavior and ERP can become the reference indicator for the early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.