Objective To investigate the clinical effects of vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR V-VI stage).Methods A total of 80 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy from January 2012 to January 2014 were divided into the single group and the combined group according to the surgical method.Patients of the single group were treated by vitrectomy while patients of the combined group were treated by vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery.The incidence of retinal reattachment,postoperative vision and surgical complications between the two groups were compared.Results Compared with the single group,the incidence of retinal reattachment was higher in combined group (P ＜ 0.05).The postoperative vision improvement was better than that in single group,the difference was significant (P ＜ 0.05).And the surgical complications in combined group was less than that in single group,the difference was significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy has a better clinical effect which is safe and reliable,and it can improve the rate of retinal reattachment and reduce surgical complications.

This study aims to determine a reasonable clinical staging standard for patients with esophageal carcinoma who were receiving non-surgical treatment. The patients were staged on the basis of the (2004 and 2009 editions of clinical staging stan-dards. The prognosis of patients with different staging standards, as well as the effect of gross tumor volume-tumor (GTV-T) on clinical T stage and prognosis, was observed. Methods:Data on 219 patients with esophageal carcinoma who were receiving radical radiothera-py were retrospectively analyzed. Prior to radiotherapy, all patients underwent examinations, including esophageal barium meal and po-sitioning CT scan, for use in the radiation treatment planning system to outline the target range and to calculate the volume of GTV-T. All patients were staged with the use of the aforementioned clinical staging standards. Prognostic outcomes of the patients were ob-served. Results:For all patients, the one-, three-, and five-year overall survival rates were 70.8%, 35.6%, and 20.7%, respectively. The survival curve resolution of patients who were staged with the use of the 2009 edition of clinical staging standards was better than that of the patients who were staged with the use of the 2004 edition. Survival difference was significant (χ2=29.497, P<0.001). The clinical T stage positively correlated with GTV-T (r=0.615, P<0.001). GTV-T could thus affect prognosis at different T stages. Conclusion:Both esophageal carcinoma clinical staging standards could reflect the prognosis of patients undergoing radiotherapy, but the 2009 edi-tion appeared more accurate than the 2004 edition.

Objective To develop a method of studying fiber projecting in the spinal cord duiring chicken embryo development.Methods At embryonic incubation 3 day (E3), pCAGGS-green fluorescent protein (GFP) plasmid was injected into the spinal cord using in vivo electroporation.Three days after transfection (E6), GFP-positive embryos were collected under a stereo fluorescence microscope .Subsequently , the spinal cord was separated from the embryos and cut from the roof plate as an open book .After fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde ( PFA) for one hour , the opened spinal cords were used for immunohistochemistry with N-cadherin antibody and with DAPI for nuclei .Finally, the nerve fiber projecting was photographed and analyzed under a fluorescence microscope . Results Based on the opened spinal cord and immunostaining in the cryosection , we observed that the nerve fibers projected across the midline of the floor plate and reached to the sulcus terminalis along the white matter of the contra side .The immunoreaction against N-cadherin indicated that overexpression of GFP has no significant effect on chicken embryonic development .Conclusion A new method to study fiber projecting in the developing chicken spinal cord is established successfully in this study .

Objective:To explore the optimal local treatment pattern of supraclavicular lymph node in breast cancer patients with synchronous ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph node metastasis (sISLM).Methods:Clinical data of 128 breast cancer patients with sISLM admitted to the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University from 2010 to 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 68 cases were treated with supraclavicular lymph node dissection combined with radiotherapy, and 60 cases received radiotherapy alone. The locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were statistically compared between two groups.Results:Univariate analysis demonstrated that the 5-year LRFS, DMFS, PFS and OS did not significantly differ between two groups (all P>0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the local treatment pattern of supraclavicular lymph node was an independent prognostic factor for the 5-year DMFS, PFS and OS (all P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that when radiotherapy alone was performed, the 5-year OS of patients in the supraclavicular region radiation dose of>50 Gy group were significantly better than that in the 50 Gy group ( P=0.047). When supraclavicular lymph node dissection combined with radiotherapy was delivered, if the number of dissection was less than 10, the 5-year LRFS, DMFS, PFS, OS of patients in the>50 Gy group were all better than those in the 50 Gy group numerically without statistical significance (all P>0.05). If the number of dissection was ≥10, the 5-year LRFS, DMFS, PFS, OS in the 50 Gy group were better than those in the>50 Gy group numerically, whereas significant difference was only found in the 5-year DMFS ( P=0.028). Conclusions:Supraclavicular lymph node dissection combined with radiotherapy may be the optimal local treatment pattern for supraclavicular lymph node. When radiotherapy alone is performed, a radiation boost to the supraclavicular region may improve OS. When supraclavicular lymph node dissection combined with radiotherapy is performed, if the degree of dissection is low, a radiation boost to the supraclavicular region may bring clinical benefits. However, if the degree of dissection is high, a radiation boost to the supraclavicular region may not bring significant clinical benefits.

Objective To investigate the relationship between gene mutation characteristics and immunological markers in patients with small cell lung cancer.Methods From January 2019 to 2020,155 patients with small cell lung cancer were admitted.Gene mutations were detected in these patients using target gene capture and sequencing method.Moreover,the tumor mutational burden(TMB)and expression of PD-L1 in some patients were detected.Results A total of 326 gene mutations were detected in the patients,the most significant of which were TP53 and RB1.Among the 8 genes with mutation frequency higher than 15％,patients with KMT2D,KMT2C,FAT1 and NOTCH1 mutations had higher TMB than those without mutation,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion The most common mutated genes in patients with small cell lung cancer are TP53 and RB1.KMT2D,KMT2C,FAT1 and NOTCH1 may be potential markers for the efficacy of immunotherapy in small cell lung cancer.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of prophylactic irradiation of internal mammary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer in this Meta-analysis.Methods:CNKI, Wanfang Medical network, CBM, PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched by computer. The controlled clinical studies comparing whether or not internal mammary lymph node irradiation as an intervention were included and the quality of the included literature was evaluated according to Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). RevMan 5.3 software and Stata 14 software were used for Meta-analysis.Results:A total of 11 original articles were included, and 13 181 patients were included for Meta-analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall survival (OS) between patients with and without internal mammary lymph node irradiation ( P=0.490). The subgroup analysis using the date of treatment and the degree of risk in the enrolled population as criteria showed that 5-year OS was significantly increased after internal mammary area irradiation in high-risk stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients (N+ , T 3-T 4 stage) with the date of treatment of after 2000( P=0.003, 0.006). Compared with patients without internal mammary area irradiation, internal mammary irradiation significantly increased the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS)( P<0.001). Conclusion:Under the modern radiotherapy technology, internal mammary lymph node irradiation improves the DFS of patients, and may bring OS benefits to high-risk stage Ⅱ-Ⅲ breast cancer patients (N+ , T 3-T 4 stage).

Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations,molecular genetics and gonadal pathol-ogy characteristics of patients with disorders of sex development(DSD),and to summarize the clinical experi-ence of identifying rare diseases from common symptoms.Methods The clinical data of 416 patients with DSD diagnosed and treated in the multidisciplinary center of DSD of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Cen-ter from May 2018 to August 2023 were retrospectively analyzed,summarized and discussed.Results Accord-ing to chromosome karyotype,416 cases of DSD were classified into three types:92 cases(22.1％)of abnormal sex chromosome karyotype,285 cases(68.5％)of 46,XY karyotype and 39 cases(9.4％)of 46,XX karyotype.Among the 92 patients with abnormal sex chromosome karyotype,59 cases were raised as males,18 cases(30.5％)complained of short penis with hypospadias and cryptorchidism.The most common karyotype was 45,X/46,XY(58 cases,63.0％).Among the 285 patients with 46,XY karyotype,238 cases were raised as males,and 63 cases(26.5％)complained of short penis and hypospadias;47 cases were raised as females,and 13 ca-ses(27.7％)complained of inguinal mass.A total of 216 patients with 46,XY karyotype were subjected to whole exome gene detection,and 155 cases(71.8％)were found to have molecular pathogenesis with the clinical phe-notype.Among the 39 patients with 46,XX karyotype,19 cases were raised as males,and 8 cases(42.1％)com-plained of short penis and hypospadias.In the 18 cases of gonad biopsy,17 cases showed testicular tissue in go-nads.Whole exome sequencing was performed in 14 cases.NR5A1 gene heterozygous mutation,SRY gene muta-tion and SOX3 gene mutation were found in 2 cases,respectively(14.3％).Twenty cases were raised as females,and 14 cases(70.0％)complained of clitoral hypertrophy.Gonad biopsy was performed in 8 cases,with 7 cases of ovotestis(87.5％)and 1 case of NR5A1 gene heterozygous mutation(14.3％).Conclusions The etiologies of DSD are complex and diverse,and the clinical manifestations are various,which can be manifested as hypospa-dias,micropenis,cryptorchidism and other common symptoms of the urinary system.Different etiologies have dif-ferent treatment options.Therefore,chromosome karyotype,molecular genetic testing and gonadal pathology can be used to clarify the cause of disease,especially for rare diseases,improve the detection rate,reduce the rate of missed diagnosis,and ensure reasonable treatment,especially sex selection.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the factors affecting the blood concentration of high-dose methotrexate （HD-MTX） and the occurrence of adverse drug reactions （ADR） when treating lymphoma with HD-MTX. METHODS From July 2020 to November 2021， the information of HD-MTX patients who had been monitored for HD-MTX blood drug concentration in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University was collected by retrospective analysis， such as medical record number， age， sex， height， body mass， chemotherapy plan， dosage； test indexes such as alanine transaminase， aspartate transaminase， total bilirubin， creatinine clearance （CrCl）， albumin （ALB） and other indexes were also collected before and after administration. The blood concentrations （c6 h， c24 h， c48 h） of HD-MTX were recorded， drug information of proton pump inhibitors （PPIs） was extracted and used， and ADR occurring within 48 h after administration were all evaluated. Single factor analysis， multiple linear regression and χ2 test were used to analyze the influential factors. RESULTS A total of 133 patients were included in this paper. The results of the single factor analysis of HD-MTX blood drug concentration showed that age， CrCl had an effect on c 6 h （P＜0.05）； age， CrCl and ALB had an effect on c24 h （P＜0.05）； age， body mass index （BMI）， CrCl， combined use of PPIs and ALB had an effect on c48 h （P＜0.05）. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that age and CrCl had no effect on c 6 h （P＞0.05）， age was the main influential factor of c 24 h （P＜0.05）， and CrCl and combined use of PPIs were the main influential factors of c48 h （P＜0.05）； the coefficient of variance expansion was between 1 and 3.5， indicating that the analysis results were acceptable. The overall incidence of adverse reactions was 51.13%， of which the blood and lymphatic system reactions were the most common. The results of the influential factors of ADR showed that age， BMI， liver function and CrCl had effect on the incidence of ADR （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS During the process of HD-MTX in the treatment of lymphoma， the patient’s age， CrCl and combined use of PPIs should be considered， and the patient’s blood concentration should be monitored； at the same time， the age of patients， BMI， liver function and CrCl have an impact on the incidence of ADR.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and is a major cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide (Forner et al., 2018; He et al., 2023). Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by an accelerated loss of skeletal muscle (SM) mass that may be age-related or the result of malnutrition in cancer patients (Cruz-Jentoft and Sayer, 2019). Preoperative sarcopenia in HCC patients treated with hepatectomy or liver transplantation is an independent risk factor for poor survival (Voron et al., 2015; van Vugt et al., 2016). Previous studies have used various criteria to define sarcopenia, including muscle area and density. However, the lack of standardized diagnostic methods for sarcopenia limits their clinical use. In 2018, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) renewed a consensus on the definition of sarcopenia: low muscle strength, loss of muscle quantity, and poor physical performance (Cruz-Jentoft et al., 2019). Radiological imaging-based measurement of muscle quantity or mass is most commonly used to evaluate the degree of sarcopenia. The gold standard is to measure the SM and/or psoas muscle (PM) area using abdominal computed tomography (CT) at the third lumbar vertebra (L3), as it is linearly correlated to whole-body SM mass (van Vugt et al., 2016). According to a "North American Expert Opinion Statement on Sarcopenia," SM index (SMI) is the preferred measure of sarcopenia (Carey et al., 2019). The variability between morphometric muscle indexes revealed that they have different clinical relevance and are generally not applicable to broader populations (Esser et al., 2019).
Humans ; Aged ; Sarcopenia/diagnostic imaging* ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnostic imaging* ; Muscle, Skeletal/diagnostic imaging* ; Deep Learning ; Prognosis ; Radiomics ; Liver Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging* ; Retrospective Studies