To comparet the role of nitrogly-cerin with nicorandil in relieving myocardial ischemia, a critical stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery was produced by an ex-ternal micrometer constrictor in 18 open chest dogs. Intracoronary infusion of nitroglycerin ( 1 ?g ? kg-1 ? min-1) had two effects: decreasing large coronary artery resistance (RL) and small coronary artery resistance (Rs) and increasing coronary blood flow (CBF) in first 5 min so as to relieve myocardial ischemia; then increasing RL, decreasing CBF and increasing whole blood viscosity (?o) and hematocrit (Hct) in coronary vein after 10 min so as to worsen myocardia ischemia. However, intracoronary infusion ofnicorandil(l ?g ? kg-1 ? min-1) increased CBF and decreased Rs and reduced ?o and Hct in coronary vein. The vasodilatory effect of nico-randil was moderate but long-lasting and it improved blood supply to the ischemic region in coronary circulation.

Due to the limitation of length of stay, hospital costs, medical conditions, and other restrictions, the time in the hospital for rehabilitation therapy is limited for patients with stroke in the convalescent stage. They need to continue rehabilitation treatment at home after being discharged from hospital. The provision of rehabilitation for stroke patients is one of professional courses in community care. Community nurses guide for home-based rehabilitation through a variety of guidance methods plays a positive role in improving the quality of life of the patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of ursolic acid (UA) on oxidative stress and apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. Methods One hundred and twenty SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups:sham operation group, model group, and groups of 20, 40, 80 120 mg/kg UA, with 20 rats in each group. A model of focal cerebral ischemic reperfusion was induced using the intraluminal thread method. Drugs were administrated immediately via tail vein injection when the suture was inserted. At 6h later, the total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and the activity of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the ischemic cortex were measured. Apoptosis in the ischemic cortex was detected by TUNEL staining. Results Compared with the model group, the activity of CK (301.2 ± 86.8 U/L, 258.5 ± 58.4 U/L, 228.7 ± 49.2 U/L vs. 352.6 ± 88.1 U/L), LDH (327.5 ± 87.1 U/L, 288.6 ± 69.5 U/L, 243.7 ± 74.9 U/L vs. 395.4 ± 98.6 U/L) in the serum in the groups of 40, 80 120 mg/kg UA were significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), MDA (5.5 ± 1.4 mmol/L, 4.8 ± 1.1 mmol/L, 4.4 ± 1.3 mmol/L vs. 7.8 ± 2.0 mmol/L) and T-AOC (9.4 ± 2.2 U/L, 10.5 ± 2.9 U/L, 11.8 ± 3.1 U/L vs. 8.0 ± 2.1 U/L) were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the activity of SOD (10.1 ± 2.7 U/mg, 11.6 ± 2.5 U/mg vs. 6.9 ± 2.6 U/mg),GSH-Px (12.9 ± 2.9 U/mg, 14.2 ± 3.2 U/mg vs. 9.5 ± 2.3 U/mg), CAT (3.3 ± 1.3 U/mg, 3.9 ± 1.2 U/mg vs. 2.3 ± 0.9 U/mg) in the ischemic cortex in the groups of 80 120 mg/kg UA were significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). TUNEL staining showed that apoptosis in the ischemic cortex in all the UA groups were significantly decreased compared with the model group. Conclusion UA could effectively enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and free radical scavenging capacity, ameliorate oxidative stress and inhibit apoptosis in focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of ursolic acid (UA) on global cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury in rats.MethodsThe experimental rats were divided into the sham operation group, the model group, the UA low, medium and high dose groups, 20 in each group. Except the rats in the sham operation group, the rats in other groups were dealed by four arteries occlusion to made global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model. The rats in the UA low, medium, high dose groups were given UA as 40, 80, 120 mg/kg immediately after the occlusion line was inserted; the rats in the sham operation group and the model group were given equal-volume saline. And 6 hours later, the recovery time of righting reflex and electrical activity of brain were recorded, water content of the brain were evaluated, and the activity of LDH, MDA, SOD, CAT in brain tissue were determined; the inflammatory cytokines content of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 were determined by ELISA. Results Compared with the model group, the recovery time of righting reflex (20.6 ± 7.2 min, 18.2 ± 6.9 min vs. 27.3 ± 8.8 min) and electrical activity of brain (16.2 ± 5.8 min, 14.9 ± 5.6 min vs.24.1 ± 7.2 min) of the UA medium and high dose groups were shortened (P<0.05 orP<0.01); the water content were significantly decreased (79.0% ± 0.7%, 78.6% ± 0.5%vs. 80.7% ± 0.9%;P<0.05 orP<0.01); the activity of SOD (158.5 ± 8.4 U/mg, 165.4 ± 9.0 U/mgvs. 143.0 ± 7.1 U/mg), CAT (3.3 ± 1.4 U/mg, 3.9 ± 1.5 U/mgvs. 2.4 ± 0.9 U/mg) in brain tissue of the UA medium and the high dose groups were significantly improved; the content of LDH (16.0 ± 2.6 mmol/g, 18.4 ± 2.8 mmol/gvs. 12.4 ± 1.9 mmol/g) were significantly increased; the content of MDA (18.6 ± 2.8μmol/g, 17.2 ± 2.4μmol/gvs. 24.9 ± 3.4μmol/g), TNF-α (45.8 ± 6.3 nmol/L, 40.1 ± 5.6 nmol/Lvs. 56.3 ± 7.2 nmol/L), IL-6 (187.2 ± 18.5 nmol/L, 136.8 ± 15.7 nmol/Lvs. 238.4 ± 22.9 nmol/L) were significantly decreased, and the content of IL-1β in UA 120 mg/kg treated group was significantly decreased (713.6 ± 56.3 nmol/L vs. 915.7 ± 70.5 nmol/L;P<0.05 orP<0.01).Conclusion UA can effectively promote righting reflex and EEG recovery, reduce brain water content, which perhaps related with its pharmacological effects of enhanceing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, lower oxidative stress, and inhibit inflammation.

Oral tolerance describes the phenomenon that orally administered proteins induce systemic hyporesponsiveness to the protein fed. The primary mechanisms by which oral tolerance is mediated include clonal deletion, clonal anergy and active cellular suppression through gut-associated lymphoid tissue(GALT). Low doses favor active suppression mediated by Th2 and Th3 cells, whereas high doses favor deletion and anergy mediated by Th1 and Th2 cells. Oral tolerance is an effective and specific approach without toxicity. In recent years, it has been used successfully to treat autoimmune diseases in model animals and patients. The article discussed the mechanisms and advances of oral tolerance for the purpose of providing new ways of treat autoimmune diseases.

Objective To establish an allogenic intraocular melanoma model and observe its pathological features. Methods Thirty-six kunming mice were devided randomly into 3 groups with 12 ones in each, and allogeneic melanoma cells B16F10(C57BL16) were inoculated into the anterior chamber (AC), vitreous cavity (VC) of right eyes and under the skin (subcutaneous, SC) of the back of right feet of each grup respectively. The incidence of tumor occurance, time of breaking through the eyeball and other general pathologic features of the tumor were observed by slip-lamp biomicroscopy and operating microscopy for continuous 32 days, and the results were statistically analyzed. Pathological examination was given for tumors at last. Results The incidence of tumor occurance in both AC (12/12 eyes) and VC group (11/11 eyes) was higher than that in SC group (2/12 feet)( ? 2 =17.143, P =0.000; ? 2 =16.218, P =0.000) . The time of eyeball diabrosis was 11-13 days in AC group and 13-32 days in VC group, and there was significant difference between these two groups (Log Rank=18.22, P =0.000). The intraocular melanomas could grow progressively, but reduced and fell off when they broke through eyeball and grew in orbit for a period. The average diameter of the tumor after 32 days after inoculation was (2.27?1.97) mm in AC group,(3.82?1.85) mm in VC group and (0.94?2.27) mm in SC group. There was significant difference between VC and SC group ( t =3.322, P =0.003). In pathohistological examination, tumor tissue necrosis could be observed at the center of the subcutaneous melanomas but not in intraocular melanomas. Conclusions Allogeneic intraocular melanoma model is successfully established which is convenient, repeatable, and helpful to studying the mechanism of genesis and development of this tumor.

AIM:Recently it was found that loss of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) was associated with normal pregnancy in rabbits. The purpose of this study is to further investigate whether the same events occurred in nonhuman primates. METHODS:Mid-pregnant cynomolgus monkeys were randomly selected. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) or balanced salt solution was inoculated in anterior chamber of eyes of nonpregnant and mid-pregnant monkeys that were subsequently immunized with BSA in adjuvant and then skin was challenged for delayed-type hypersensitivity with BSA. RESULTS: Non-pregnant monkeys of intracameral BSA were able to acquire antigen-specific suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity. By contrast, inoculation of BSA to anterior chamber of pregnant monkeys abolished the DTH-suppression effect. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first demonstration in primates that loss of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation occurred during normal pregnancy. The fluctuations of systemic hormone levels during normal pregnancy might influence local immunoregulation within the eye.

AIM: To observe the effect of diterpenoid compound 5F of Pteris semipinnate L on apoptosis in cultured human pterygium body fibroblasts(HPFs).METHODS: Fibroblasts collected from human pterygium body were cultured in vitro with 5F at different time point.Transmission electron microscope(TEM) was used to observe the ultrastructure changes of the HPFs.The changes of the cell cycle and apoptosis of HPFs were evaluated with flow cytometry(FCM).RESULTS: 5F at the concentration of 32 mg/L induced HPF apoptosis at various time points.CONCLUSION: 5F induces HPFs apoptosis.Apoptotic cells are evolved to necrosis with the prolongation of the time.These findings indicate that 5F has a potential clinical value.

AIM:To determine whether the vitreous cavity (VC) is capable of supporting the induction of deviant immune response to retinal soluble (S) antigen and to observe the influence of interleukin-1 (IL-1) on the immunologic properties of the VC. METHODS: Retinal S antigen was inoculated into the anterior chamber (AC) and VC in Wistar rats. Seven days after antigen inoculation, the recipient animals were immunized with S antigen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was then assessed by footpad challenge. To alter systemic immune conditions, IL-1 was administrated by intraperitoneal injection. RESULTS: Antigen-specific DTH did not develop in rats in which S antigen was injected into the AC and the VC. In contrast, strong DTH was elicited by S antigen injected into the AC and VC if IL-1 was administrated systemically for 7 consecutive days after the antigen challenge. CONCLUSION: The VC is capable of supporting immune deviation to soluble antigen by actively suppressing antigen-specific DTH. Systemic administration of exogenous IL-1 eliminates the capacity of the VC to support immune deviation inducing by soluble antigen injected locally.

Objective Experimental autoimmune anterior uveitis (EAAU) is a useful model for human anterior uveitis. The purpose of this study was to observe whether EAAU development could be prevented by anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). Methods Bovine melanin protein (BMP) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the anterior chamber of the right eye of rats; control animals were injected with PBS alone. Seven days later, all animals were immunized with BMP in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and pertussis toxin. The severity and incidence of uveitis was monitored by clinical examination and histopathology. The delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were evaluated by footpad swelling elicited by injection of BMP.Results Rats intraocularly injected with BMP showed a reduced severity and incidence of EAAU, and significantly suppressed DTH response compared to control rats.Conclusion These data suggest that the ACAID procedure can be utilized to prevent the development of EAAU.