BACKGROUND:Data suggested that there were 24.5 million of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected women in 16 countries in southern Sahara Africa.OBJECTIVE: To survey the HIV infection status among women in reproductive age in Mauritania so as to provide research direction and basic data for prevention and treatment of immunodeficiency diseases.DESIGN: Random sampling survey.SETTING: Epidemic Disease & Health Statistics Department of Radiation Medicine and Public Health College of Suzhou University;Institute of Iodin Absence of Harbin Medical University;and Public Health College and Epidemic Disease & Health Statistics Department of Harbin Medical University.PARTICIPANTS:The survey was conducted in the 14 main cities of the whole country from March to June 2001. Inclusion criteria: Women were in reproductive age, aged 15-49 years, from Mauritania; and all told the fact.Exclusion criteria: Women refused survey and not in reproductive age were excluded.Among 331 548 women,4 000-6 000 samples were surveyed and the sampling rate was 1.2％-1.8％.METHODS: Venous blood and isolated sera of women in reproductive age were collected. Sera were detected by ELISA test and confirmed by Western Blot test in order to know HIV infection and its subtypes.The detection rates of different population and cities were calculated and made statistical analysis.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The infection and subtypes of HIV; infected rate of HIV among different crowd in different cities.RESULTS: Among 4 648 women in reproductive age in 13 provinces, 24infected cases aged of 15-49 years were found with the infected rate of 0.516％,of them 22 cases were infected with HIV-1 and 2 cases were in fected with HIV-2. The detection rates were 0.500％-1.010％ (5 cities), 0-0.500％ (3 cities) and 0％ (5 ities) respectively. The age of 95.83％ of the total infected cases was 15-29 years. The number of the HIV-infected cases was about 1 400 persons among women in reproductive age in 13 main cities.CONCLUSION: The total HIV-infected detection rate was 0.516％ among women in reproductive age in 13 main cities of Mauritania.HIV-1 2 was the dominant subtype. HIV infection was different among regions. HIV-in fected cases aged 15-29 constituted more than 95％ of the total cases. The prevalent trend of AIDS was in the stage of transmission after importing.

Objective To explore the features of functional networks about recognizing dynamically positive expression with using magnetoencephalography (MEG) technology and the paradigm of expressional experiment, and further to examine its neurological basis. Methods Twelve depressed patients and twelve age,education-matched healthy controls participated to recognize the dynamically positive expression in the MEG scans. Results In comparison with the healthy,the abnormally activities regions in depressed patients during different time periods were separately as follow;decreased activation in the right inferior parietal lobule(t = 3.94),the right su-pramarginal gyms(t = 3.59),the bilateral posterior cingulated(t = 5. 04, t = 4. 85) ,the bilateral precuneus(t = 3.84) ,the left cuneus(t = 3.58) and increased activation in the bilateral hippocampus(t = 2. 13, t = 2.56) ,the left amygdale(t = 2.41), the bilateral uncus gyrus(t = 2.33, t = 2.44) , the right anterior cingulated (t = 2. 15) , the left fusiform gyms (t = 3. 33) (P < 0. 05, unconnected). Conclusion The results indicate, compared with healthy controls,abnormal brain activities as the weakened function of the medial temporal cortex,parietal lobe and the enhanced function of limbic system were distributed extensively in depressed patients during recognizing dynamically positive expression. These abnormalities may prompt the dynamic characteristics of the magnetic source imaging about recognizing dynamically positive expression,and further reveals the mechanisms of emotional symptoms in depression.

Objective: Breast augmentation by polyacrylamide hydrogel(PAHG) injection has resulted in a series of adverse events in many female patients.This article summarizes the authors' experience in the diagnosis and treatment of lactational infection after breast augmentation by PAHG injection and discusses related preventive measures.Methods: This study included 2 patients who had developed infection during lactation 5 years after breast augmentation with PAHG.We identified the exact position of the PAHG and vomica by color Doppler,computerized tomography and magnetic resonance.We made incisions in the submammary fold or mammary areola to take out the PAHG,drain the pus and place the vacuum pressure tube,followed by application of pressure bandages.Results: One of the patients healed without any complication,while the other developed latex leak in both breasts,but finally cured after milk regurgitation and repeated changing of dressings.Conclusion: Lactational infection after breast augmentation by PAHG injection is detrimental to female patients.Preventive measures should be taken as early as possible.For patients with this infection,operation should be performed to take out the PAHG and drain the pus.Sufficient draining and milk regurgitation are necessary to avoid latex leak.

In view of the deficiency of traditional teaching methods and teaching resources in clinical practice, our department has designed cases according to diagnosis, diagnosis basis, laboratory examination and treatment, and deploys the case based learning with PPT files according to such teaching process as case introduction, guiding discussion, summary and teaching, introspection and expansion as well as homework. Meanwhile contrast experiment was carried out. The results have showed the case based learning probably has the positive impact on improving teaching quality of clinical practice , mainly reflected in: ①contributing to the completion of the teaching outline;②contributing to the transform of theoretical knowledge from systemic structure to applied structure;③contributing to establishing the teaching model and assessment system which are more complete and standard than the traditional teaching methods; ④contributing to improving students' interest and mo-tivation;⑤contributing to improving the teaching efficiency, which makes students have more time to participate in the application and training of clinical skills.

Background:In the treatment of many gastric diseases,eradication of Helicobacter pylori( Hp)is important. With the increasing in antibiotic resistance of Hp,the eradication efficacy of conventional triple and quadruple therapy for Hp is decreasing in recent years. Aims:To assess the efficacy and safety of quadruple therapy combined with astragalus membranaceus for Hp eradication. Methods:A total of 395 Hp-infected patients with chronic gastritis/dyspepsia and peptic ulcer diagnosed by gastroscopy were enrolled,of them 185 patients were of chronic gastritis/dyspepsia group and 210 patients were of peptic ulcer group. Patients in the two groups were subdivided into trial group and control group. Patients in trial group were given quadruple therapy combined with astragalus membranaceus for 14 days,and patients in control group were given quadruple therapy only for 14 days. Hp eradication was assessed by 13 C-urea breath test 4 weeks after treatment. Results:A total of 358 patients(90. 6%)completed the study. In chronic gastritis/dyspepsia group,the eradication rate was significantly higher in trial group than in control group by PP analysis(P<0. 05),but no significant difference was found by ITT analysis(P>0. 05). In peptic ulcer group,the eradication rates by PP and ITT analysis showed no significant differences between trial group and control group(P>0. 05). In control group,the eradication rates by PP and ITT analysis were significantly higher in peptic ulcer group than in chronic gastritis/dyspepsia group( P <0. 01). In trial group,the eradication rates by PP and ITT analysis were not significantly different between chronic gastritis/dyspepsia group and peptic ulcer group( P >0. 05 ). The incidence of adverse effects was not significantly different between chronic gastritis/dyspepsia group and peptic ulcer group as well as trial group and control group( P>0. 05). Conclusions:Quadruple therapy combined with astragalus membranaceus could increase the eradication rate of Hp in chronic gastritis/dyspepsia group safely.

Objective To evaluate the effects of continuous application of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on Oncomelania hu-pensis snail control in a marshland,river and channel. Methods The Beiwei marshland in Houxiang Town,the Xiaoliang River in Lingkou Town and Laomiao channel in Yunyang Town in Danyang City were selected as study sites,and 4%niclosamide etha-nolamine salt and 26%niclosamide powder were used to kill the snails. Based on the historical records and field investigations, the effects of continuous application of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on snail control were evaluated. Results Compared with the first time of snail repetition,the snail areas decreased by 82.80%,63.14%and 70.00%in the Beiwei marshland,Xiaoliang River and Laomiao channel,respectively,in 2013. There was a positive correlation between the area and density of snails(r=0.931, 0.975 and 0.916,respectively;all P values < 0.05). The average densities of living snails decreased significantly by 92.34%, 87.91%and 97.66%,respectively. There was a negative correlation between the corrected mortality of snails and the average densi-ty of living snails in the following year,and a negative correlation between the reduction rate of living snail density and the average density of living snails in the following year. Conclusion Molluscicides plays an important role in compressing the snail area,re-ducing the snail density,and controlling the schistosomiasis transmission.

ObjectiveTo study information transmission circumstances within the neural circuits related to the attentional controls of the mate depression patients.MethodsTwelve unipolar depression patients and twelve age- and education- matched healthy controls were involved in the Stroop word-color interference test to detect the variation of brain inhibitory function by Magnetoencephalography scanning.ResultsCompared with the healthy controls,the abnormally activities in depressed patients during in chronological order were separately as follow:decreased activation in the left postcentral gyrus ( t =3.10 ),the right superior frontal gyrus ( t =2.16 ),the left middle frontal gyrus (t=2.64),the left parietal lobe (t=2.89),the right middle temporal grus( t=1.92),the right superior temporal gyrus(t=2.84),the right insula(t=3.03),the right precuneus(t=2.98),the bilateral middle frontal gyros ( t =3.64,t =2.25 ),the right postcentral gyrus ( t =2.20),the right cingulate gyrus ( t =4.04 ),the bilateral precuneus ( t =2.79,t =1.87 ) ;increased activation in the left caudate body ( t =1.91 ),the left pulvinar ( t =2.56),the left middle temporal gyrus( t =1.89),the left precentral gyrus( t =2.02) (P ＜ 0.05,uncorrected).ConclusionThe abnormal activation in the brain regions related with attentional control processing is detected in the male recurrent unipolar recurrent major depression,performances of limbic system increased and.cortex declined more in the recurrent depressed.

Objective To summerize the clinical experience of 23 cases of carotid cavernous fistula(CCF) and discuss the treatment strategy. Methods Retrospectively analyzed 23 patients(11 males and 12 females) of CCF,including 14 patients with Barrow type A,1 with type B,1 with type C and 7 with type D. Results Vascular approach for embolization was undertaken in 20 cases by transarterial access and 2 via venous route while 1 case was given up. Among them,9 cases obtained complete occlusion by simple balloon embolization and 5 were treated by direct occlusion of internal carotid artery. Another 5 cases used NBCA glue for the occlusion,1 case was embolized by gelatin-sponge particulates combined with compression of carotid artery,2 cases were treated by coil embolization of cavernous sinus and 1 case was only managed by carotid compression maneuver. We achieved satisfactory clinical results with 21 patients cured and 2 patients improved. Conclusion Complexity and refractory are the characteristic of CCF,and endovascular treatment should be the major choice of treatment. (J Intervent Radiol,2006,15: 323-326)

Objective To construct a geometric skull model by using three-dimensional reconstruction, computer tomography scanning and rapid prototyping technology and evaluate its significance in treatment of complex oral and maxillofacial deformities. Methods A cranial and a goldenhar syndrome patient with complex oral and maxillofacial deformities bone received continuous volumetric scanning of skull and the data acquisition was done by an electron computed tomography, by which reconstruction was performed and the obtained images saved as STL files. Then the data were input into rapid prototyping machine to make three-dimensional geometric model. Direct measurement, designation and surgery simulation could be done on this three-dimensional model. Then the mandibular mirror physical model was manufactured using rapid prototyping according to the normal side. Results A computer-aided model according to CT data could represent the three-dimensional anatomic structures and their relationships precisely. The replica exhibited dimensional errors ranging 0.02 mm to 0.53 mm. Which provided strong basis for accurate understanding of disease status and reasonable surgical plans and helped improve the curative effect of surgery. Conclusion Rapid prototyping can help surgeons in many ways for therapy of the complex oral and maxillofacial deformities.

Objective Based on the model of exercise induced central fatigue,we attempt to testify that the whole power output in time-counted sporting events was regulated by the central nervous system(CNS).Methods Eighteen national level rowers participated in the experiment.Each participant completed two successive 6 minutes maximal rowing exercise with an interval of 15 minutes.The power output(PO),heart rate(HR),blood lactate(BL),RPE and EMG were measured.Results It was demonstrated that the pacing strategies adopted by the rowers in the 2 successive 6-minute rowing tests were remarkably similar,and the rowers'PO and iEMG activities in the two tests were highly correlated,especially in the last minute of exercise.Conclusion It is concluded that the hypothesis of pacing strategy is controlled by CNS.