Chronic diarrhea in children is often accompanied by malnutrition,growth disorders,immune dis-function and repeated infection due to deferment diarrhea and malabsorption of nutrients, which could influence the physical and mental development of children. The etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diarrhea are complex. The causes of chronic diarrhea are different in children with different ages,different regions and countries.

Telomerase, as a factor of tumour's happening and development, is a kind of cell element not existing or with low activity in normal cells. Moreover, the activity of telomerase is a common channel for cell's immortalization and deterioration, and is also the main factor in cloning tumour and developing malignant turnour. Therefore, the tumour gene therapy focusing on telomerase has become the new target of present study of tumor.This therapy has greater prospects on clinical application than the past tumour gene therapy simply directing at one cancer gene.

The tight junction of intestinal epithelium plays an important role in maintaining the function of intestinal barrier and regulating the cell differentiation. The intestinal epithelial cells interact with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix and then affect the epithelial barrier as well as the proliferation, polarization, and apoptosis of cells. As an important cell junction, the tight junction of intestinal epithelium participates in a series of signal transduction pathways including the classic cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding, inositol trisphosphate, Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and in some special pathways including zonula occludents protein 1-associated Y-box factor,cyclin related protein, phosphorylation, and methylation. Furthermore, regulations of gene and protein expression of the tight junction are also complex, while disorders of such regulations may lead to clinical diseases, such as disruption of the intestinal barrier, refractory infection, and even cancers. This article reviews the research advances in gene expressions, related signal transduction, and self-regulation in the tight junction of intestinal epithelium.

C.Conclusion: The drug releasing rate of Icariin Ointment made of emulsion ointment base is the fastest.

In recent years,gastrointestinal microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)has gained rapidly development.The recent studies demonstrated that FMT has obvious clinical efficacy and safety on the treatment of clostridium difficile infection,inflammatory bowel disease and other diseases in adult.The present article will discuss the efficacy of FMT in treating digestive diseases in children.This review summarizes therapeutic advances in FMT,latest FMT therapies and presents the potential of FMT therapeutics in gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal conditions in children.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with the characteristics of holistic view and treatment based on syndrome differentiation, has rich clinical experience thousands of years and demonstrates promising effects to cure complex disease. However, due to the features of multi-component, multi-target and synergistic effect existed in TCM, the effective substances and mechanisms of action are not clear, the qualities of TCM are out of control, and scientific and correct assess system is waiting to be established. The network pharmacology is a novel subject based on the construction of multi-layer networks of disease-phenotype-gene-drug to predict the drug targets in a holistic view, and promote efficiency of drug discovery. Methodologically, network pharmacology integrated the notions of comprehensive research and systematic assessment which agree with the characteristics of holistic view and treatment based on syndrome differentiation in Chinese medicine. Our paper reviewed the challenge and chance within the modernization of TCM, the concept and technology of network pharmacology, and its preliminary application in investigation of TCM. The theoretical system of network pharmacology is emphasized, and the potential prospect of its application in modernization in TCM is focused.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules with 21 to 24 nucleotides in length, which can regulate post-transcriptional gene expression by interacting with the 3' untranslated regions of the target mRNAs. MiRNAs are widely expressed in eukaryotic cells and involved in a variety of biological processes, such as in the development, differentiation, proliferation, and apop-tosis of cells. They also play essential roles in cell cycle regulation, migration, and tumor development. MicroRNA expression varies in different human tumors and is considered a powerful potential biological indicator in the development, diagnosis, treatment, and progno-sis of cancers. Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies, and miRNA expression has been found to be differentially ex-pressed in various types of breast cancer. The expression and function of some miRNAs involved in breast cancer development, metasta-sis, and treatments are briefly summarized in this review.

Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Polycystic Kidney Diseases

Aim To identify the GABA transporter subtypes and to find its new associated member at the blood brain barrier.Methods Labeled by in vitro infusion of magnetic beads through carotid arteries,the brain microvessels without intact neural cells were sorted in magnetic fields,and identified by RT PCR.The homologous primer of GAT superfamily and the tRNA from isolated brain microvessels were used in the RT PCR to amplify target DNA.The PCR products were isolated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) and cloned, sequenced rospectively.The sequences were screened in dbEST of Genbank by Blast.Results Seven DNA bands were isolated from RT PCR products of isolated brain microvessels by PAGE. B3,B5 complete sequences were highly homologous with rat partial GAT 2 and BGT 1 respectively,B7 complete sequence was highly homologous with rat partial TAUT. The other 4 EST of B1(Accession No:CF358965), B2(CD568346), B4(CF358966) and B6(CD568347) were submitted to dbEST,they were homologous with some sequences in Genbank,but were not homologous with GAT members.Conclusion GAT 2 and BGT 1 of GAT and TAUT were localized at the blood brain barrier which might be responsible for the GABA transport across the blood brain barrier.The genes and their functions of 4 EST associated with GAT need to be clarified.

ObjectiveTo investigate the selection of dilivery of pregnant women and related factors.MethodsThe selection of delivery modes for pregnant women was investigated by analyzing the associated factors of the infants registered into a computerized health care managing system from January 1,2008 to December 31,2010 at a local community of Shanghai.The information associated with delivery modes of their mothers was collected and the choice of delivery modes investigated through a standardized questionnaire by interviewing the mothers at two months after birth.ResultsThe cesarean section (C/S)rate of pregnant women residing in this local area was 58.3 ％ (224/384).In the C/S group,the percentages of delivery age ≥24 yr,white-collar workers,education level at high school and above and monthly income ≥ 3000 yuan were 73.2％ ( 164/224 ),38.4％ ( 86/224 ),79.5％ ( 178/224 ) and 80.8％ ( 181/224 )respectively.And they were all higher than those of vaginal delivery (63.1％,n =101; 32.5％,n =52;69.4％,n =111; 70.6％,n =113 ).The choices of C/S depended on the existences of maternal,fetal,social-psychological and others factors during pregnancy.Most pregnant women and families who chose C/S without medical indications were afraid of pain ( 33.9％ ) or a failure of vaginal delivery ( 30.5％ ).ConclusionsThe social-psychological factors of pregnant women are important in the choices of delivery modes.Unnecessary C/S could be reduced by improving their knowledge of delivery with meticulous prenatal health care consultations.