Purpose To study the polysaccharide from Pinus massoniana pollen(PPM)and to compare its anti-tumor,immune modulation activities and scavenging qualities of free radical with its sulfated derivative(S-PPM).Methods PPM Wag chemically modified by chlorosulfonic acid-pyfidine method and their bioactivities were compared.Results The substituting degree of S-PPM was 1.47.Results showed that S-PPM was more powerful in inhibiting the growth of tumor cell in vivo and in vitro and in promoting T,B lymphocytes than PPM.But there Wag no remarkable difference in promoting phagocytosis of macmphages.S-PPM was stronger in scavenging superoxide anion radical than PPM but it wag vice versa in scavenging hydroxyl radical.Conclusion S-PPM inhibited the cancer cell growth mainly through specific immunity.Sulfate of PPM influenced its quality of scavenging free radicals greatly.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate1812cases of therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)and the clinical drug utilization of cyclosporine.METHODS:Analysis and statistics of cyclosporine TDM data of1812cases(502subjects)in our hospital were carried out.RESULTS:Among all the1st TDM concentration,only41.4%was within the therapeutic window.Constituent ratios of patients whose drug concentration were monitored once,twice,or three times respectively was44.8%,16.3%and11.6%respectively.Among all the subjects undergoing3～4times of TDM,constituent ratio of patients whose drug con-centrations of the1st,2nd,3rd and4th TDM are within therapeutic window are40.6%,48.0%,50.0%and57.9%respec-tively.CONCLUSION:Although TDM is widely used,for some reasons,the constituent ratio of drug concentration within therapeutic window is low and the TDM times are much less than enough.Even TDM is multiple,the status of is not satisfac-tory,So clinics should pay more attention to the phenomenon that the patients’medication can’t be adjusted properly;Mean-while,it correlates with the expensive medication costs,etc.

Objective To investigate the value of multi-slice CT (MSCT) in diagnosing early acute appendicitis (AA).Methods From June 2008 to June 2011,abdomen MSCT images of 41 patients with acute simple appendicitis confirmed by surgery and pathology were evaluated retrospectively. Thirty-six patients with clinically confirmed normal appendix served as the control groups with 18 patients in complicated-normal-appendix (CNA) group and 18 patients in noncomplicated-normal-appendix (NCNA)group. The appendix was reconstructed by using multiplanar reformation (MPR) and curved planar reformation (CPR) techniques. The differences between early AA and normal appendix in appendiceal diameter,thickness of the appendiceal wall, maximum depth of the intraluminal appendiceal fluid (MDIAF), abnormal enhancement of the appendiceal wall, appendicolith and the periappendiceal abnormalities were evaluated and compared by using analysis of variance,R test and Chi-square test.Results The mean thickness of the appendiceal wall was (2.88 ±0.62),(2.58 -±0.50) and (2.73 ±0.53) mm in early AA,CNA and NCNA groups respectively,with no statistically significant difference among them ( F =1.73,P=0.19).The nean appendiceal diameter was (11.37 ± 1.94),(7.03 -±0.89),(6.75 ±0.63) mm,and median MDIAF was 4.05 (2.65-8.50),1.68 (0-.40),0 (0-1.90) mm in early AA,CNA and NCNA groups respectively,with statistically significant differences between early AA and the two normal appendix groups ( Z =7.02,7.24 ; P =0.00 ).The abnormal enhancement of appendiceal wall was found in 61.1％ (11/18) of early AA,16.7％ (3/18) of CNA and 11.1％ (2/18) of NCNA groups respectively,with statistically significant differences between early AA and the two normal appendix groups (x2 =12.83,P =0.00). Using a cutoff value of 7.8 mm of the appendiceal diameter and 2.6 mm of MDIAF for the early AA,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy were 97.6％ (40/41),91.7％ (33/36) and 94.8％ (73/77),and 100.0％ (36/36),88.9％ (32/36) and 94.4％ (68/72),respectively.Conclusions MSCT is particularly useful for the diagnosis of early AA. When appendiceal diameter is greater than 7.8 mm,and MDIAF greater than 2.6mm,early AA can be diagnosed with confidence.

AIM: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of thrombin, arachidonic acid (AA) and aspirin on leukocyte-platelet adhesion. METHODS: The methods of Hamburger et al and Shen Zhi-qiang et al were used to study the adhesion between platelets and leukocytes in rats. RESULTS: 50 U/L of thrombin markedly stimulated the binding between platelets and leukocytes; the efficacy of thrombin increased with its concentration and produced the maximum effect at 300 U/L. But the adhesion rate decreased while the concentration of thrombin was more than 300 U/L. 25 ?mol/L of AA significantly enhanced the binding of platelets to leukocytes; the efficacy of AA increased with its concentration and obtained the maximum effect at 100 ?mol/L. The adhesion rate, however, decreased while the concentration of AA was more than 100 ?mol/L. Aspirin could inhibit thrombin-or AA-induced adhesion between platelets and leukocytes. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that thrombin and AA, in a certain range of concentrations, concentration-dependently induced the binding of platelets to leukocytes; the adhesive rate, however, decreased as the concentration of the above inducers increased. Aspirin could inhibit platelet-leukocyte adhesion stimulated by thrombin and AA.

Objective To investigate the differences of clinical features,pulmonary function tests,chest imaging and prognosis between patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) combined with emphysema and without emphysema.Methods A total of 43 patients with IPF and with pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) were selected as observation group,and 40 patients with IPF and without emphysema were selected as control group.The clinical data of two groups of patients,including pulmonary function,partial pressure of oxygen,cellular components of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF),survival time were retrospectively analyzed and compared between two groups.Results The smoking index was (29 ± 17) pack years in observation group,much higher than that in control group (17 ± 15) pack years,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The percentage of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) was (70 ± 6)％ in observation group,significantly lower than that in control group (84 ± 9)％,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The percentage of diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) in observation group was (43 ± 11)％,significantly lower than that in control group (55 ± 17)％,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).The percentage of lung volume in observation group was (78 ± 12)％,significantly higher than that in control group (63 ± 11)％,the difference was statistically significant (P ＜0.05).The vital capacity was expected to account for partial pressure had no significant difference in percentage and resting arterial oxygen value between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).The total number of BALF cells,macrophages,neutrophils,lymphoeytes and eosinophils ratio had no significant difference between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Smoking is an important risk factor of IPF with emphysema,emphysema does not affect the prognosis of patients with IPF.

Population pharmacokinetics of vancomycin (VAN) in the Chinese patients was described by using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling (NONMEM). 619 VAN serum concentrations data from 260 patients including 177 males and 83 females were collected separately from two centers. A one-compartment model was used to describe this sparse data. No significant difference was observed between two center datasets by introducing SID covariate. The final model was as CL= (θ (base0+ θ(max) x(1 -e(-θ(Age)(Age/72) and V = θ x θ (Age)(Age/72). The creatinine clearance (CL(Cr)) and Age were identified as the most significant covariate in the final model. Typical values of clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) in the final model were 2.91 L x h(-1) and 54.76 L, respectively. Internal model validation by Bootstrap and NPDE were performed to evaluate the robustness and prediction of the final model. The median and 95% confidence intervals for the final model parameters were based on 1000 Bootstraps. External model evaluation was conducted using an independent dataset that consisted of 34 patients to predict model performance. Pharmacodynamic assessment for VAN by AUC (0-24 h) to MIC ratios of over 400 was considered to be the best to predict treatment outcomes for patients. AUC (0-24 h) was calculated by clearance based on the above population model. The results indicate that the conventional dosing regimen probably being suboptimal concentrations in aged patients. The approach via population pharmacokinetic of VAN combined with the relationship of MIC, Age, CL(Cr) and AUC(0-24 h)/MIC can predict the rational dose for attaining efficacy.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the application of airway secretions expurgation cluster manage-ment in oxygen-driven aerosol inhalation. METHODS:280 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Respiratory Second Division of our hospital from Mar. 2012 to Dec. 2013 were randomly divided into group A,B,C and D,with 70 cases in each group.Group A and B were treated with compound isopropyl bromide 2 ml+nomal saline 5 ml,10 min/time,twice a day,and 6 L/min oxygen-driven aerosol inhalation for 7 days;group C and Dreceived Ambroxol hydrochloride injection 15 ml+normal saline 5 ml,10 min/time,twice a day,and 6 L/min oxygen-driven aerosol inhalatiom for 7 days. group A and C were treatment groups, group B and D were control groups. Two treatment groups inhaled compound medications while the application of airway secretions expurgation cluster management. Two control groups inhaled compound medications with single effective cough guidance. RE-SULTS:Compared with control groups,the patients in treatment groups eliminated more phlegm,had lower (PaCO2)and higher (PaO2),also had a shorter hospitalization period,with significant difference(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Airway secretions expur-gation cluster management technology is a simple,safe and effective method,especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmo-nary disease in oxygen-driven inhalation therapy.

To investigate effects of l% l-acetylforskoin (l-aF) suspension eye-drops administeredtopically on intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits and men, and observe the loca l irritation of the drug． l% l-aF suspension eye-drops was prepared and was instilled into one of e yes while the corresponding vehicle into the contralateral eye as control． IOP was measured b y pneumatonometer before and after administration． l%1-aF suspension eye-drops s ig nificantly reduced IOP in rabbits reaching the maximum reduction of 2.2 mmHg and lasting a t least 3 hours． But it didnt show significant effects in men． There was little local irritati on neither in rabbits nor in men． l% l-aF suspension eye-drops significantly reduced IOP in normal rabbit s, but not in men． No local irritation was observed in rabbits and in men．

AIM: To investigate the effect of non-activated or activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMN) on washed platelet aggregation. METHODS: Born's method was used to determine platelet aggregation.RESULTS: non-activated PMN (5?10 9 cells/L) significantly suppressed washed platelet aggregation induced by ADP or arachidonic acid. Aspirin enhanced this inhibition. N-formyl-methiongl-leucy-phenylalanine (fMLP)-or platelet-activating factor (PAF)-stimulated PMN strongly induced platelet aggregation, and the induction effect of PMN suspension was more active than that of PMN supernatant. Aspirin had no significant inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by fMLP-or PAF-activated PMN. CONCLUSIONS: Different conditions of PMN (activated or non-activated) had the nearly opposite action on normal platelet reactivity. Briefly, non-activated-PMN inhibited platelet reactivity, whereas activated PMN stimulated it.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of PUW (a fraction containing 60% corilagin from a Chinese herbal plant Phyllanthus urinaria) on thrombosis and coagulation system. METHODS: Myers's method was used to evaluate the protection of intravenously administered PUW against the male mouse sudden death caused by injection of 75 mg/kg arachidonic acid in the tail vein; Charlton's method was modified to observe antithrombotic effect of PUW in rat electrically stimulated carotid artery thrombosis model; and the model of venous thrombosis was produced to investigate the antithrombotic effect of PUW. Rosette assay was used to observe the effect of PUW on platelet-neutrophil adhesion. The effects of PUW were monitored on euglobulin lysis time (ELT), prothrombin time (PT), kaolin partial thromboplastin time (KPTT), and bleeding time (BT) in rats, according to the methods of Kowalski, HUANG Zheng-Liang, and GU Yue-Fang, et al, respectively. RESULTS: The results showed that PUW administered intravenously significantly decreased the mouse mortality, prolonged the occlusion time of rat carotid arteries, and reduced the wet and dry thrombus weight of the inferior vena cava, respectively. PUW markedly inhibited the binding of activated platelets to neutrophils, obtaining 39.7 mg/L of the medium inhibitory concentration. Intravenously administered PUW significantly shortened ELT, prolonged KPTT while had no influence on PT; PUW increased BT in rat tail tips but the BT caused by PUW was much shorter than that by aspirin or urokinase. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that PUW has the potential of antithrombosis due to its inhibition of platelet-neutrophil adhesion. PUW shows the tendency to bleeding, however, it could not cause serious bleeding side effect as compared with aspirin or urokinase.