The issues of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) were reviewed and discussed, including its diagnostic criteria, complications, pathogenesis, therapeutic measures and future directions. The best way for us to make a great progress in the field of LADA study appears to organize and pursue a multi-center collaborative research.

Of forty patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration in seven patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia was much lower than that in these diabetics with normotri-glyceridemia and moderate hypertriglyceridemia. After treatment, serum triglyceride (TG) in five of the seven patients decreased significantly, and erythrocyte 2,3-DPG concentration returned to normal (P

5.80mmol / L), venous oxygen tension(PvOa) was higher and carbon dioxide tension (PvCO2) lower than those in diabetic patients with normo-lipidemia. There was a correlation between PvO2 and serum TG(r=0.319, P

Twenty-four-hour urinary catecholamines (CA) excretion was markedly varied in 17 diabetics with orthostatic hypotension (OH). Compared with normal subjects, urinary CA levels of seven, six and four of these OH diabetics were decreased, normal and increased respectively (P

Incidence of autoimmune diseases (AID) and tumors has increased dramatically,which seriously affects the survival and the quality of life in patients.Recently,cellular immunotherapy has become more and more attractive in the treatment of AID and tumors.Emerging studies have shown that cellular immunotherapy can alleviate or even reverse the course of AID and tumors.We reviewed to focus on the advances of cellular immunotherapy in AID and tumors.

LADA China Study is the first nation-wide muliicenter study for adult onset latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in Chinese.We have published the data on Diabetes in 2013.In this article,we briefly introduce the results and the significance to clinical practice.

Insulin resistance induces multiple metabolic disorders and are the common risk factors of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.Since the causes are complex,the medical management should be integrated to treat insulin resistance.Lifestyle change is the first choice,and the appropriate agents can be selected if needed.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (TlDM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic β cells, which sequentially leading to the reduction of insulin secretion. Numerous susceptibilities, including genetic and environmental factors, may be involved in triggering the T1DM. The ideal therapy for T1DM should focus on both preventing the immune system from attacking β cells, and also the stimulation of β cell neogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies both demonstrated that GLP-1 analogues were able to promote the synthesis and secretion of insulin, stimulate neogenesis of β cells, increase β cells replication, and reduce β cell apoptosis. Hence, GLP-1 analogues have been shown to be potential treatment for T1DM. This work reviewed recent publications regarding to GLP-1 application in TlDM and pancreatic islet transplantations and prospected the future research directions.

The relationship between diabetes and osteoporosis has gradually become a new research hotspot , but is still much controversy .High concentration of blood glucose can be bond to varieties of proteins in vivo and form glycosylation end products in col -lagen tissue and reduce bone strength , besides it can inhibit RANKL induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption by repressing redox-sensitive NF-kappa B activity .A series of diabetes mellitus complications can induce less local bone nutrition supply and calcium and phosphorus sorption , reduce muscle tension and bone mineral density , which leads to the increase of fracture risk .Type 2 diabetes patients with overweight or obesity often have increased secretion of inflammation factors , adiponectin and leptin , which promotes the formation of osteoclasts and encourages bone marrow stromal stem cells to differentiate into adipocytes ;On the other hand , adiponectin and leptin can facilitate osteoblasts proliferation , differentiation and activity , and promotes bone formation .This article will discuss how diabetes works on bone metabolism and the underlying pathophysiological and physiological mechanism .

Objective To optimize the radioligand assays for glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab), tyrosine phosphatase antibody (IA-2A) and insulin autoantibody (IAA) and to facilitate their application in clinical practice. Methods The radioligand assays established in our laboratory were optimized in several aspects, including the mode and time of antigen-antibody incubation, pH value of TBST buffer, times of washing, and type of centrifuge. The sensitivity and specificity of the optimized assays were calculated by the Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program (DASP, 2003). And the results were compared to those measured with domestic radioimmune assay kits. Results The optimal condition for radiligand assay were as followed: incubating the antigens of GAD-Ab and IA-2A with serum by rotating slowly for 24 hours and IAA for 72 hours respectively; washing the precipitation complex of GAD-Ab and IA-2A with TBST buffer (pH value 7 2～7 4) 4 times and IAA 5 times respectively; and applying the horizontal type of centrifuge. The results from DASP demonstrated that sensitivity and specificity of the optimized assays were 82% and 98% respectively for GAD-Ab, and 64% and 100% for IA-2A. The proportion of consistency between our results for 82 IAA gradient index of optimized assay and those measured with domestic radioimmune kits was 89%. The extensive analysis showed that the consistency reached 100% for those with IAA index less than 0 04 or more than 1 00, and the inconsistency was for the bordline positive ones (index 0 04～1 0). Conclusion The optimized radioligand assays for islet autoantibodies are high sensitivity and specificity, and are applicable in clinical practice.