Objective To observe the clinical curative effect of ankle chute tibia bone graft fusion treatment of late kaschin-beck disease.Methods Thirty-three patients with late kaschin-beek disease performed ankle arthrodesis,the ankle surgery in 5 cases,simple right ankle surgery in 13 eases and 15 cases of left ankle surgery.Intraoperative used tibial chute hollow screw internal fixation and bone graft plaster external fixation postoperatively.Followed up 0.5-6.0 years,compared the American orthopaedic food and ankle society (AOFAS) score before surgery to determine the efficacy of last follow-up,X ray film fusion situation assessment in the postoperative period.Results Thirty-three cases did not occur postoperative incision infection,vascular or nerve complications.Last follow-up,30 cases were no obvious discomfort,3 cases of mild ankle pain,accompanied by walking or standing for a long time after the foot heel had mild acid bilges feeling,did not affect the daily life.The AOFAS score before surgery was significantly lower than that last follow-up [(25.84 ± 16.81) scores vs.(87.32 ± 4.68) scores] (P ＜ 0.01).Clinical efficacy excellent in 25 cases,good in 5 cases,general in 2 cases,poor in 1 case.Follow-up X line piece was showed that in all cases to achieve bony fusion.Conclusion Using sliding kashin-beck terminal patients treated ankle bone graft fusion,simple operation,high bone graft fusion rate,less complications,curative effect is positive.

A new NK cell subset with antigen presentation function was recently found and called as interferon-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDC cells).These cells co-express surface markers of NK cells and DCs;functionally,they can secrete interferons,kill target cells and have antigen-presenting ability.IKDCs extensively exist in almost all lymphoid tissue or organs with similar phenotype,but recent studies indicated that IKDCs were developmently not from DC cells but from NK cells,the conclusion of which is still in its early stage.The discovery of IKDC will be help to understand the link between innate and adaptive immunity.

Natural killer (NK) cells have long been considered the only representative of lymphocyte lineages among the innate immune system ,but recent studies have revealed that several types of innate lymphoid cells ( ILC ) exist in both humans and mice.These newly identified ILC populations were mainly distributed at mucosal barriers ,regardless of their rarity ,they play important roles in the defense against pathogens and in the maintenance of tissue or organ homeostasis .In the early stages of ILC development ,a common ILC lineage-restricted progenitor exists and under the control of different transcription factors ,the progenitor can later give rise to different ILC subsets with distinct phenotypes and functions.Different ILC subsets exhibit distinct cytokine secretion profiles ,based on the categorization of helper T cell subsets , ILC family has been further classified into three groups.The finding of diverse ILC extremely enriches the content of innate immunity ,and also provides new insights into links between innate and adaptive immunity .

Natural killer ( NK) cells are important innate effector cells and play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis through potent cytotoxic activity and cytokine production. Recent findings show that NK cells can also shape adaptive immune responses by in-fluencing a variety of immune cells. In addition to direct interactions with other immune cells,NK cells can indirectly stimulate or inhibit adaptive immune response via influencing infected cells and pathogen load. Abundant studies have highlighted the positive regulatory functions of NK cells, while their negative regulatory functions have increasingly attracted attention in recent years. Here, we review recent findings on negative regulation of adaptive immune response by NK cells, discussing the involved effector cells and function mechanism,and demonstrate how this negative regulation influences the overall outcome of adaptive immunity in infection and tumor disease.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for patients with fresh osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF).Methods From February 2010 to November 2011,103 patients with fresh OVCF were assigned to receive either PVP or conservative treatment according to their choice or the choice of surgeons.There were no significant differences between the 2 groups regarding general clinical data (P ＞ 0.05).The pain was scored at pre-treatment,1,4,12,24 and 48 weeks post-treatment in all the patients.The vertebral re-fractures were recorded in both groups at follow-ups.The 2 groups were compared in terms of postoperative pain relief and risk of re-fracture.Results The overall pain relief at 1,4 and 12 post-treatment in the PVP group was significantly greater than in the conservative treatment group (P ＜ 0.05).The pain relief at night at 1,4 and 12 post-treatment was significantly greater in the PVP group than in the conservative treatment group (P ＜ 0.05).At one year post-treatment,7 vertebral re-fractures were observed in the PVP group (18.4％,7/38) and 12 ones in the conservative treatment group (20.3％,12/59),with no significant difference between the 2 groups in the risk of re-fracture (Hazard ratio =0.909,95％ CI:O.36 ～ 2.29,P =0.841).Conclusion Compared with conservative treatment,PVP may significantly reduce the pain for patients with fresh OVCF but does not increase the risk of vertebral re-fracture.

Objective To suty the MRI manifestations of juvenile acute articular cartilage injury of the knee joint.Methods MRI findings of cartilage,subcartilage low signal line and subcarilage bone were analysed retrospectively in 53 juvenile patients (ranged in age from 4~27 years) with acute articular cartilage injury confirmed by arthroscopy.Results Sixty-nine cartilage injuries were showed by MRI in 53 patients,including patellas in 25,femoral lateral condyles in 22,femoral medial condyles in 11,trochlea of the femur in 2,and tibial plateau in 9.Acute articular cartilage injury appeared as pure cartilage fracture in 46, including complete split of the cartilage in 22 sites,partly split of the cartilage in 20 sites,and fissur-like fracture in 4 sites.Osteochondral fracture were observed in 23 sites,including avulsion fracture in 13 and osteochondral subsided in 10.Articular cartilage loose bodies and osteochondral loose bodies were found by MRI in 6 and 13,respectively.Conclusion MRI is the best non-invasive method for studying cartilage injury.

Objective To identify the prognosis factors of the patients with high-degree carotid artery stenosis and evaluate the effect of different therapy prospectively.Methods A hundred and three patients with spoke or tansient ischemic attack(TIA)suffering from severe carotid artery stenosis were included into this study consectively.They were given intra-artery intervention or antiplatelet therapy based on clinical factors and the intension of the patients or their Legally Autllorized Representative (LAR)and thus divided into 2 groups.Forty patients were transplanted with stent,63 were given only with antiplatelet drugs.The major outcome of end-point was the 2-year functional prognosis evaluated by modified Rankin score(mRS),while the minor one was the cardiovascular events in 1 year.2 year or longer after the index stroke or TIA,which was defined as stroke,TIA,acute myocardic infarction(AMI)and sudden death in this study.Results There were no statistical significances of sex,years,medical histories,blood pressure, total cholesterol,triglyceide in two groups at baseline.For the major outcome,intra-artery intervention was an independent protective factor for impaired function(mRS 3-6)with the method of binary Logistic(RR= 0.13,P=0.001,95%CI 0.036-0.460).For the minor outcome,the incidence of the cardiovascular events in 1 year and 2 year after the index stroke or TIA was lower in the intra-artery intervention group than in the antiplatelet therapy(For 1 year follow up,intervention group:antiplatelet therapy group= 12.5%:42.9%,OR=0.19,95%CI 0.07-0.55,P=0.001;For 2 year follow up,17.5%:47.6%,OR =0.23,95%CI 0.09-0.60,P=0.002).The median time of cardiovascular events in the two groups was further investigated in 55 months and 54 months separately. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no significant difference.Survival analysis with Cox-regression showed that neither therapy of intra-artery intervention nor antiplatelet therapy was an independent factor for the cardiovascular events(RR=1.063,95%CI 0.40- 2.83,P=0.900).Conclusions For the stroke or TIA patients suffering from high-degree carotid artery stenosis,intra-artery intervention is superior pure drug therapy in achieving better theapeutical effect and reducing the incidence of the cardiovascular events after the index stroke or TIA.However,its long term effect needs further study.

Transient receptor potential A1 (TRPAl) is a cold sensitive cation channel, which could also be activated by various pungent compounds. As a transduction channel in a number of sensory modalities, TRPAl expressing in heterogonous systems serves to provide great convenience in pharmacological analysis and functional investigation. Due to cellular toxicity, establishment of stable TRPAl cell line has always been challenging. Nevertheless, the first stable human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell line with un-controlled expression of TRPAl was successfully established. It was also confirmed that this stable cell line retained TRPAl expression for more than 25 passages in culture. The functional analysis of the cell response verified the stability and specificity of this novel recombinant TRPAl cell line. Altogether, the data indicated this TRPAl-HEK cell line would be a useful tool for functional analysis of TRPAl and for the development of high throughput screening (HTS) compatible assay in the effort to identify TRPAl modulators.

Natural killer ( NK) cells have historically been considered short-lived cytolytic cells that can rapidly respond against microbial pathogens and tumors in an antigen-independent manner.Recently,NK cells have been shown to possess features of a-daptive immunity with immunological memory in a manner similar to that of T and B cells.Three major viewpoints of NK cell memory initially arose from the studies of NK cell memory to recall to mouse cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) , cytokine and skin-contact hypersensitive chemical antigens.Currently,NK cell memory has been reported in acute infection of mouse HSV ,influenza virus,HCMV and simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV).Here,we review the latest discoveries and unsolved questions regarding NK cell memory in these models.Studies to reveal the mechanisms for NK cell memory may provide opportunities for the therapeutic use of NK cells in in -fectious diseases and cancer.

Objective To observe the influence of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) on the growth and invasive ability of human colon cancer cell line SW620,and to explore its mechanism.Methods pcDNA3.1-NDRG2 and siRNA-NDRG2 were transfected transiently respectively into SW620 by Lipofectamine TM 2000,untreated cells as the control group.Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of NDRG2 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2).Matrigel invasion assay was used to study the invasive abilities of SW620 cells in all groups.The growth curve was determined through 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoly)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide method.Result After transfecting pcDNA3.1-NDRG2 into the SW620 cells,the protein level of NDRG2 increased and the expression of MMP-2 declined markedly.After transfecting siRNA-NDRG2 into the SW620 cells,the protein level of NDRG2 declined and the expression of MMP-2 increased markedly.In addition,compared with the control group (75.80 ± 4.82),the numbers of transmembrane cells in pcDNA3.1 group (56.20 ± 7.40) and in siRNA group (94.20 ± 9.23) were significantly different (t =13.102,P =0.000;t =11.820,P =0.000).The growth curve showed that:compared with the control group (0.67 ±0.01),the absorbance of the fifth day after transfection in pcDNA3.1 group (0.46 ±0.01) and in siRNA group (0.91 ± 0.02) were different significantly (t =9.561,P =0.000;t =10.922,P =0.000).Conclusion NDRG2 can reduce the invasion and proliferation ability of colon cancer cell SW620,and its mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of MMP-2 expression.