Human anatomy is a basic medical discipline introduced from western medicine in recent times.Medical students often get in trouble with understanding the meaning of its terminologies correctly due to their complicated derivation and various bases in the course of being translated from English into Chinese.Through this essay,the author is in an attempt to analyze these difficult terms from the angle of their etymology aiming to make the teaching of human anatomy easier.

Objective To discuss the way of treatment of bile duct stone with laparoscope and choledochoscope. Methods Forty six patients with bile duct stones admitted in our hospital from July 2001. to July 2008 were selected in this study. The 46 cases were divided into two groups:the control and observation group.The control group included 22 patients who were performed cholecystectomy and choledochotomy with T tube drainage. The obeservation group included 24 patients who were performed laparoscope and choledochoscope operation.We used the Mann-Whites statistics and compared the incidence of complications, the amount of bleeding and hospitalized days in patients between two groups. When P<0.05, the difference between the two groups was considered statistically significant. Results The incidence of complications after operation, amount of bleeding and hospitalized days in patients had no statistically significant difference between two groups. The time of operation in observation group was longer than control group. The bile stones eradication rate in observation group was higher than control gourp. and the bile stones recurring rate in observation group was lower than control gourp. Conclusion It is better to treat the bile duct stones by using laparoscope with choledochoscope than the way of traditional cholecystectomy and choledochotomy with T tube drainage, the former has advantages such as higher bile duct stones edarication rate, lower recurring rate, safer and more reliable operation and fewer complications.

For the high cost and mobility issues, a home uterine contraction pressure monitoring system based on Windows CE platform was developed. In this paper, the design of hardware circuit, micro-controller system and LabVIEW program based on Windows CE are discussed. The clinical validation experiment in hospital for this system was made and the experimental results show that this system complies with the trend that current medical equipment is becoming portable, homely and networked. Through real-time monitoring uterine contraction pressure, occurrence of premature birth and abortion can be prevented effectively.
Female ; Humans ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; instrumentation ; Pregnancy ; Uterine Contraction

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the change of phosphorylation of tau protein and expression of cyclooxygenase 2 ( COX-2) in colon submucosal neurons of enteric nerve system in inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) rats induced by tri-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).METHODS:Male rats (n=30) were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=10 each):control group, IBD group and TNBS group.The IBD rats were induced by TNBS+ethanol enema for 14 d.The control and TNBS rats were given an equal volume of saline and TNBS, respectively.The general situation and the histopathologic change of the rat colon were observed.Immunofluorescence was used to check the change of phosphalated tau protein and COX-2 expression in the submucosal neurons of the colon.The expression of COX-2 and phosphorylated tau231 and tau262 in the rat colon submucosal neurons was observed by double immunofluorescence staining.RESULTS:Compared with con-trol group, the number of neurons in the colon of IBD rats decreased obviously and the expression of phospholated tau231 and tau262 was significantly increased.The number of neurons in the colon of TNBS rats showed no significant difference compared with control rats.The rat neurons in control group and TNBS group did not express COX-2.COX-2 expression was observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of colonic neurons in IBD rats, which showed significantly different from control and TNBS rats.CONCLUSION:The decreased neurons in the enteric nerve system of IBD rats might be associated with the phosphorylation of tau protein and the expression of inducible COX-2.

BACKGROUND: Ribavirin is easily diluted by lacrimal fluid and has low bioavailability. In situ ophthalmic gel changes from liquid drug to gel phase upon exposure to physiological conditions, resulting in an increase in the precorneal residence time of drugs. OBJECTIVE: To prepare ribavirin in situ ophthalmic gel and valuate its theological feature. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: In vitro controlled observation, performed at the Engineering Research Center of Modem Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between September and October 2006. MATERIALS: Sodium alginate, Carbopol, and ribavirin. METHODS: Sodium alginate (1% and 2%) and Carbopol (0.3%, 0.6%, and 2%) were combined at different proportions to prepare in sire ophthalmic gel, then in which ribavirin was added. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Viscosity determinations of prepared different concentrations of formulations were determined using a cone and plate viscometer. RESULTS: Ribavirin in situ ophthalmic gel prepared with 1% sodium alginate and 0.6% Carbopol had the largest viscosity. The viscosity change was not influenced by the addition of ribavirin. The in situ ophthalmic gel prepared with sodium alginate and Carbopol changed to the gel phase upon exposure to lacrimal fluid. CONCLUSION: 1% sodium alginate and 0.6% Carbopol produced the best rheological feature and could prolonge the precorneal residence time of drug than that of conventional ophthalmic solution.

Objective To report the treatment outcome of nonunion of tibial fractures with local muscle flap transfer and injection of autogenous bone marrow. Methods 15 patients who had suffered from nonunion of tibial fracture 10 to 42 (mean 22) months after the initial injury underwent open reduction, internal fixation with locking intramedullary nail, wound coverage with locally transferred muscle flap and injection of autogenous bone marrow into the fracture site 12 to 15 days after operation. Results The follow-ups revealed bone union in all the cases of this series with a mean healing time of 22 (3 to 11) months. Except for limited necrosis of the skin edge in 2 cases which healed after dressing changes, the wounds healed primarily in all the cases without infection and implant failure. Conclusion Besides stable internal fixation and bone graft, coverage of fracture site with locally transferred muscle flap and injection of autogenous bone marrow can be used to treat nonunion of tibial fractures with satisfactory results.

Objecflve To study the heredity and variance of E1 gene of rubella villls Matsuba vac-cine strain.and to evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccine prepared by Matsuba vaccine strain on genelevel.Methods The Matsuba strain was passaged on primary rabbit kidnev cells from 14 to 23 generations.and the E1 genes of 14,16,17,18,23 passages amplified by RT-PCR were cloned into the T-A cloning vector pGEM-T and sequenced,respectively.The sequences of E1 gene of the passaged viruses were tom-pared with rubella virus Matsuba reference strain E1 gene(Accession No.D50673)and other rubella strains in GenBank.respectively.Results The Matanba passaged shared higher homology of nucleotide and amino acid with Matsuba reference strain(D50673).,The sequences of nucleotide and amino acid of RV14,RV16.RV18 were identical to D50673.The homology of nucleotide sequences of RV17,RV23 and D50673 was 99.9%and 99.7%,respectively,andthe homology of amino acidwgg 99.8% and 99.2%,respective-ly.The amino acid related to glycosylation and epitopes of the passage viruses were highly conservative.The phylogenetic tree showed Matsuba strain belonged to la genotype.The rubella virus genotypes circulated in China recent years were 1E,lF,2A and 2B,and 1E genotype was the predominant genotype.The homology of nucleotide and amino acid of Matsuba strain and the other genotype reference strains was 92.1%-99.6% and 98.1%-99.8%.respectively.Condusion The Matsuba vaccine strain possesses highly genetic stabil-ity.which indicates that the Matsuba strain and its vaccine are stable on molecular level.And the vaccine prepared by Matsuba vaccine strain can prevent the infection of various genotype rubella viruses.

ObjectiveTo explore the function of intraoperative monitoring by brainstem auditory evoked potential and free electromyography during the operation of large acoustic neuroma for improving the operation more accurately and safely. MethodsThe intraoperative monitoring of affected cranial nerve and brainstem function respectively by brainstem auditory evoked potential and free electromyography was performed in 26 patients with large acoustic neuroma. According to the monitoring result the strategy and method of surgery was adjusted. Facial nerve function was assessed using the House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system immediately after two weeks of surgery.Results23 cases (88 ％) achieved total resection,3 cases(12 ％)achieved subtotal resection. The facial nerve was preserved anatomically in 25 patients.According to the House-Brackmann facial nerve grading system,21 cases (80 ％) got preserve of facial nerve function in grade Ⅰ - Ⅱ, 3 cases(12 ％)got preserve of facial nerve function in grade ]Ⅲ-Ⅳ and 1 cases (4 ％) got preserve of facial nerve function in grade Ⅴ after two weeks of surgery.ConclusionIntraoperative physiological monitoring may increase the anatomical and functional preservation rate of affected cranial nerve and also may improve the operation more accurately and safely.

Objective To evaluate the clinic effect of local resection plus axialla lympha nodes dissection on treating early stage breast cancer. Methods 112 cases of early stage breast cancer in PLA309 Hospital were divided into 2 groups: local resection plus axially dissection group (46 cases) and Halsted's operation group (66 cases). The survival rate,local recurrence rate,metastasis rate, and casmetic effect of breast were followed up for long time. Results In treatment group, the 3,5,8 years survival rates were 97.8%, 80.5%, 76.1% respectively. In control group 3,5,8 years survival rates were 97.0%, 87.9% and 71.2% respectively. The rate of local recurrence was 4.3% in treatment group and 4.6% in control group.The metastasis rate in treatment group was 19.6%, in control group was 16.7%. 93.2% of patients in treatment group kept good breast figure. Conclusions Local resection plus axially dissection, with the same effect as Halsted procedure, is an ideal method in treating early stage breast cancer.

AscreeningmethodforcriticalaminoacidsinEpitopesusinganti-Epitopeantibodywasdeveloped. The amino acids' frequency of occurrence in Epitopes of shrimp antigen Pen a1 was calculated using MEGA5 software and their conservative property of tropomyosin in SDAP database bank was analyzed using DNAMAN software. Potential critical amino acids based on these two methods were identified, namely Epitope 1 ( K, E, N) , Epitope 2 ( K, L, E) , Epitope 3 ( E, R, D, L, Q) , Epitope 5 ( K, L, Q) . The mutated polypeptides corresponding to these Epitopes in which these critical amino acids were substituted with alanine were synthesized. The IgG binding ability of these mutants was analyzed by competitive immunodot-blot method and indirect ELISA using Epitope antibody to screen the critical amino acids. Experimental results showed that the critical amino acids of the four Epitopes were as follows: Epitope 1 ( Gln ) , Epitope 2 ( Leu and Glu ) , Epitope 3 ( Leu and Asp) , Epitope 5 ( Leu) . The feasibility of this screening method was proved and it also offered a theoretical foundation for research on sensitization mechanism of Pen a1 and desensitization using gene modification.