Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Newborn, Diseases ; Lung Diseases ; Point-of-Care Systems ; Ultrasonography

BACKGROUND: Studies have confirmed that there is secreted protein out of cell wall of Candida albicans. However, in recent researches, we found there may be a capsule-like-structure within it.OBJECTIVE: To observe the capsule-like structure of Candida albicans by means of modified quellung test.DESIGN: A controlled observation experiment.SETTING: Department of Medical Microbiology, Gannan Medical College.MATERIALS: Candida albicans from 2 clinical specimens (C1, C2) identified by preserve center of Epiphyte strains of Chinese Academy of Science (Nanjing, China) and standard strains (CCCMC1a and ATCC14053) donated by preserve center of Epiphyte strains of Peking University (Beijing, China) were taken to quellung test. Experimental rabbits (weighing 2-2.5 kg) for preparing normal serum and antiserum were donated by Experimental Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University. Antiserum was prepared by the book with experimental strains (C1, C2, CCCMC1a, and ATCC)respectively for later quellung tests.METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the Department of Medical Microbiology, Gannan Medical College in December 2005. ① Traditional Quellung test: The culture of Candida albicans (C1, C2, CCCMC1a, and ATCC) was spread on a slide respectively. Corresponding rabbit antiserum was added onto the slide (experimental group 1) and normal serum was added onto the slide (control group1). 1% methylene blue was added into each group, and then the slides were placed in a wet box at 37 ℃ for 20 minutes; the slides were taken out and covered with a cover-slip. Under the oil immersion, the count of Candida albicans was taken and the microscopic surveying instrument was used to measure the capsule thickness of cell of Candida albicans directly. The average thickness of capsule of 40 cells was taken. ②Modified quellung test: The culture of Candida albicans (C1, C2, CCCMC1a, and ATCC) was spread on a slide respectively. Corresponding rabbit antiserum was added onto the slide (experimental group 2) and normal serum was added onto the slide (control group 2), 1% methylene blue was not added into each group, but the slides were directly placed in a wet box et 37 ℃ for 20 minutes. The slides were taken out and dried naturally, but not covered with a cover-slip during the drying process. Hiss capsule staining was applied for them.The average thickness of capsule of 40 cells was taken.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The average thickness of capsule in each experimental group in traditional and modified quellung tests.RESULTS: ① Traditional quellung test of Candida albicans was positive. The thickness of culture of Candida albicans C1, C2, CCCMC1a, and ATCC of experimental group1 was larger than that of the control group1, respectively [(0.558+0.081 ) vs. (0.225+0.061) μm; (0.530+0.081) vs. (0.252+0.038) μm; (0.475+0.081) vs. (0.200+0.072) μm;(0.600+0.068) vs. (0.225+0.046) μm,P ＜ 0.01] .② The thickness of culture of Candida albicans C1, C2, CCCMC1a, and ATCC of experimental group 2 was larger than that of the control group 2, respectively[(0.541 ±0.038) vs. (0.215±0.022)μm; (0.510±0.060)vs. (0.247±0.018) μm; (0.487±0.041) vs. (0.213±0.033)μm; (0.595±0.027) vs. (0.220±0.016) μm, P ＜ 0.01]. ③ The thickness of capsule of the control group 2 was smaller than that of control group 1 (P ＜0.01); The thickness of capsule of the experimental group 2 was smaller than that of experimental group 1 (P ＜ 0.01).CONCLUSION: As a quantitative analysis test, modified quellung test is more stable and accurate than traditional quellung test.

A case of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) combined with skull dysplasia was confirmed based on clinical findings, laboratory examination and skull CT scan. Hereditary features, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of CNS were reported in this paper after literatm'e review.

Objective To determine the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasound-guided cholangiography(EUSGC)with fine needle puncture .Methods Twenty-six patients with obstructive jaundice failed i n previous endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) and magnetic res onance cholangiopancrcatography(MRCP) or have metallic foreign materials in some where of body. By a linear scanning echoendoscopy in conjunction with a 22-gau ge aspiration needle, transduodenal selective cholangiography was attempted.Results Cholangiography was successfully performed in all patie nts (EUSGC success 100% vs. ERCP 0%). No complications occurred in the patients. In 19 patients, abnormalities were found from EUSGC. Choledocholithiasis have b een confirmed by sphincterotomy(n=5),common bile duct strictures were confirmed by surgical operation(n=11).Three other patients have delayed excretion of co ntract medium.Conclusion EUSGC allows a safe and accurate alternative method for obtaining cholangiography in those patients when ERCP or MRCP failed.

Objective To observe the renal expression of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) in diabetic nephropathy rats and the effects of Losartan as angiotensin II type 1(AT1) receptor antagonist.Methods Twenty-eight diabetic Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats induced with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic rats without therapy(group D,n=14) and diabetic rats treated with Losartan(group L,n=14).Twenty SD rats were used as the control(group N).The urine and blood samples in 24h were collected after the treatment with Losartan for 10 weeks.The rats were killed and the renal expression of COX-2 was determined with immunohistochemistry.Results Expression of COX-2 in the nephridial tissue and the concentration of urinary thromboxane B_2(TXB_2) in group D were significantly higher than those in group N(P

0.05).The difference of SOD was significant( P

Objective To investigate the effect of hyperoxia on growth of type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells (AECⅡ).MethodsLungs of fetal rats at 19 days of pregnancy were collected,and AEC Ⅱ was isolated and cultured by differential adherence method.Cells were randomly divided into air group and hyperoxia group.In air group,cells were cultured in 5％ CO2 incubator.And cells in hyperoxia group were cultured in 5％ CO2+95％ O2 incubator.The growth,activity,cell cycle,cell apoptosis of AEC Ⅱ were observed at 2,4,6 and 8 days of culture.The interaction between different time and groups were analyzed by ANOVA of factorial design.Comparison of means was done by two-sample independent t test and one-way analysis of variance.Bonferroni correction was used during the comparisons.Results(1) Cell growth situation:in hyperoxia group,cell number was decreased from2 hto 8 h [(7.29±0.43)×105/ml,(2.68±0.37)×105/ml,(0.23±0.10)×105/ml and (0.00±0.00) × 105/ml],and lower than those in air group [(10.41 ± 0.24) × 105/ml,(27.90±1.91) × 105/ml,(27.12±0.85) ×105/ml and (26.29±1.59) × 105/ml](t=10.992,38.912,94.166and 49.696,P=0.000 respectively). (2) Cell activity:the living cells ratio in hyperoxia group at 2 d[(79.00±0.71) ％],4 d [(52.80±1.14)％] and 6 d [(31.60±1.52)％] was lower than those [(97.00±0.71)％,(97.20±0.84)％ and (95.00±0.71)％] ir air group (t=31.213,70.519 and 84.722,P=0.000 respectively).(3) Cell cycle:the cell ratios of G1 phase and S phase in hyperoxia group at day 4 [(66.82±1.20) ％ and (27.31±1.16) ％] and day 6 [(70.22±1.27) ％ and (30.31±1.40) ％] were significantly higher than that at day 2 and that in air group (P＜0.05 respectively).(4) Cell apoptosis:in hyperoxia group,the cell ratio of Annexin-V+/PI- subgroup at 4 h was the highest [(23.89 ± 0.52)％],followed by those at day 2 and 6 [(21.32 ± 0.43)％ and (1.47 ±0.61)％].While the cell ratio of Annexin-V+/PI+ was the highest at 6 h [(53.92± 1.64)％],followed by those at 4 h and 2 h [(45.03±1.01)％ and (12.17±0.60)％],which were all different with those in air group(P＜0.05 respectively).ConclusionsHyperoxia might inhibit cell activity and cell cycle of AEC Ⅱ and promote apoptosis.

Objective To explore effects of fosinopril and losartan on renal Klotho expression and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the mechanisms underlying the protection against renal damage. Methods Fifteen male SHRs (22 weeks old) were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=5 in each group): a SHR group, a fosinopril group ［10 mg/(kg?d)］, and a losartan group ［50 mg/(kg?d)］. Age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were chosen for a control group. Eight weeks later, tail arterial pressure, 24 hours urinary protein (Upro)，urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) were measured. Renal pathological changes were examined under light microscopy by HE staining. The renal mRNA and protein expression of Klotho were determined by RT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining or Western blot. The levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were determined.Results The typical pathological characteristics of hypertensive renal damage were observed in the kidney of the SHR group．Compared with the SHR group, the systolic pressure, Upro, and urinary NAGase, the content of MDA and renal pathological damage was reduced while the renal Klotho expression and activities of TAOC, Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px were increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01) in the fosinopril or losartan group. There was no significant difference in renal Mn-SOD level among the 4 groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Fosinopril and losartan can exert protection against hypertensive renal damage through upregulating Klotho expression as well as reducing oxidative stress.

Objective To investigate the effect of high glucose and losartan on cell proliferation and cyelooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression in normal human mesangial cells (NHMCs), and to examine the effect of losartan on COX2 and transforming growth factor-betal (TGF-β1) expression in a model of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods NHMCs were cultured in vitro in high glucose media with or without losartan. NHMCs proliferation and COX2 expression were determined by WST-1, Western blot,and RT-PCR. The rat model of DN was produced by injections of streptozocin (STZ). After the treatment with losartan for 4 weeks, glomerular hypertrophy, urinary thromboxane B2(TXB2) and 24 h urinary pro-tein counts were measured,and COX2 and TGF-β1 expressions were investigated using immunohistochem-ical techniques and RT-PCR. Results Losartan dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of NHMCs in response to high glucose. Losartan also decreased COX2 expression in NHMCs at high or low glucose concentrations. In vivo experiments found kidney weight/body weight (KW/BW), urinary TXB2 and 24 hurinary protein counts increased significantly in the DN group. Losartan reduced KW/BW, urinary TXB2,and 24 h urinary protein counts and significantly suppressed the over-expression of COX2 and TGF-β1.Conclusion Losartan reduces COX2 expression in NHMCs, especially at high glucose concentrations.Losartan could suppress the expression of COX2 and TGF-β1 in the kidney of DN rats and attenuate the renal lesions caused by DN.

OBJECTIVE To assess the skills and key points with frontal ostium in Draf IIa endoscopic frontal sinus surgery.METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 607 cases of patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery between September, 2004 and December, 2007, 84 cases(147 sides)of patients who underwent Draf IIa endoscopic frontal sinus surgery.The period of follow-up were 7 to 40 months.RESULTS All of 84 cases(147 sides) of patients, frontal ostium drainage was restored in 58 cases(102 sides, 69%), improved in 16 cases(28 sides, 19 percent), invalid in 10 cases(17 sides, 12%).CONCLUSION Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective way for the treatment of chronic frontal sinusitis.Draf IIa endoscopic frontal sinus surgery is an easy and useful technique to restore the drainage of frontal ostium.