Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells which derived from the embryonic mesoderm. They have a high proliferative ability and can differentiate into various tissues of mesodermal origin including bone, cartilage and adipose tissue in vitro. Moreover, MSCs have also been shown to produce anti-inflammatory molecules which can modulate cellular and humoral immune responses. Because of their easy preparation, the capacity for self-renewal, multi-lineage differentiation and immunoregulatory effect, MSCs therapy becomes a promising tool in the treatment of tissue regeneration, anti-inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. In this review we will focus on the application of MSCs for nasal inflammation disease.
Adult Stem Cells ; transplantation ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Cell Differentiation ; Humans ; Inflammation ; therapy ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesoderm ; cytology ; Nose Diseases ; therapy ; Wound Healing

Objective:To investigate the frequency and severity of systemic adverse reactions in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) undergoing subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT).Methods:The clinical data of 321 children with allergic rhinitis receiving SCIT at Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Changzhou Third People′s Hospital from January 2016 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 180 boys and 141 girls aged 5 to 14 years. Patients were injected subcutaneously with standardized dust mites allergen extract. The onset time, symptoms and signs and treatment of adverse reactions were documented. The relationship of adverse reactions with gender, age, treatment course and dosage of allergen injection were analyzed.Results:Patients received total 13 053 injections, and 115 adverse reactions (0.88%) occurred in 56 cases (17.45%). The incidence of adverse reactions in children aged 5-9 years was higher than in those aged 10-14 years, for both the number of cases and injections (χ2=4.41, P=0.04; χ2=9.13, P<0.01), but no significant differences were observed in gender of patients. The incidence of adverse reactions in the age group 2-3 years was lower than that in age groups<1 year and 1-<2 years in both of cases and injections (χ2=22.86, P<0.01; χ2=6.43, P=0.01; χ2=12.14, P<0.01; χ2=13.74, P<0.01). The incidence of adverse reactions in the high-dosage phase (100 000 SQ-U) was higher than that in the low-dosage phase (<100 000 SQ-U) (χ2=4.35, P=0.04). Conclusions:The study shows that the incidence of adverse reactions in children with allergic rhinitis receiving subcutaneous immunotherapy is less than 1% in the number of injections and most of them are grade Ⅰ adverse reactions. The study also shows that younger age, the early course of treatment and the high dosage of allergens are risk factors for adverse reactions.

To enable students to better grasp the basic skills of pathogenic biology and im-munology experimental teaching , and make full use of the characteristics of experimental teaching to train students' scientific quality and innovative consciousness , the reform of pathogenic biology and immunology experiment teaching was explored. Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology experiment were integrated into an experimental course , and corresponding laboratory was set up to take an in-dependent experimental teaching. Through renewing experiment teaching idea, some measures were taken such as modularization and personalization of the teaching content, the establishment of a com-plete management system , writing a new experimental course to match the experiment , improving teaching methods and developing students' innovative experiments to improve their enthusiasm and in-terest for experimental class learning, thus enhancing their innovation ability.

Objective:To investigate the frequency and severity of systemic reactions (SRs) to standardized house dust mite subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (AR), and to analyze the clinical risk factors.Methods:The clinical data of 362 patients including 209 males and 153 females, aged from 5 to 55 years old receiving SCIT at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Third People′s Hospital of Changzhou were collected from May 2014 to July 2017. The SRs were classified as early-onset and delayed-onset, and 4 grades (grade Ⅰ to Ⅳ) to assess severity. The records of SRs were retrospectively analyzed, including the numbers/frequencies, symptoms and signs, onset of reaction and treatment. And the relationships between SRs and patient′s age, gender, allergen injection dose, accompanied allergic diseases were explored. All the statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 19.0.Results:There were 57 cases (15.75%) of SRs in 362 patients. All the patients received a total of 12 308 injections and 111 SRs (0.90%) were observed. Among them, 31 (27.93%) were early-onset reactions and 80 (72.07%) were delayed-onset reactions; most of the SRs were grade Ⅰ reactions ( n=83, 74.78%), followed by grade Ⅱ ( n=25, 22.52%), grade Ⅲ ( n=3, 2.70%), and no fatal reactions occurred. The incidence of SRs in patients>14 years old was higher than that in patients ≤14 years old according to the number of cases and injections (35.14% vs 13.54%, 2.34% vs 0.76%, χ 2 value was 11.679, 28.162, respectively, all P<0.05), but no significant differences of SRs were observed in gender (18.66% vs 11.76%, 5.98% vs 5.62%, χ 2 value was 3.166, 0.095, respectively, all P>0.05). Fifteen SRs (13.51%) occurred during the build-up phase and 96 (86.49%) during the maintenance phases. SRs could occur in lots of dose phases, and 95 (85.59%) were distributed at high concentrations more than 40 000 SQ-U. The incidence of SRs in patients with multiple allergic diseases was significantly higher than that in patients with AR alone, with asthma or atopic dermatitis (30.67% vs 11.85%, χ 2=15.875, P<0.001). Meanwhile, the incidence of SRs in patients with pure AR was also significantly lower than that in patients with other allergic diseases (5.26% vs 20.56%, χ 2=13.783, P<0.001). Conclusions:The incidence of SRs is less than 1% according to the injection times, the severity of SRs is mostly slight, and the safety and tolerance are good during standardized house dust mite SCIT in perennial AR patients. Delayed-onset SRs are more common. The incidence of SRs is significantly correlated with age, high dose of allergen vaccine injection, and concomitant other allergic diseases (asthma, atopic dermatitis, etc).