Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss．Ex fr．)Karst．(Lingzhi) is a medicinal fungus with a long history in China as a valuable tonic remedy．Modern Pharmacological and clinical investigation demonstrated that Lingzhi had anti-tumor activities．Recently the antitumor effects of extract of Ganoderma lucidum(GLE) and Ganoderma polysaccharides B(GL-B) and its mechanism were investigated．The results demonstrated that GLE and GL-B significantly inhibited growth of implanted sarcoma 180 in vivo．GL-B also promoted anti-tumor activity induced by cyclophosphamide in mice in vivo．GLE and GL-B directly adding to tumor cells-cultured medium neither suppressed sarcoma 180 and HL-60 proliferation nor induced apoptosis of both tumor cells in vitro．However the serum from GLE and GL-B treated mice can suppress S-180 and HL-60 cells proliferation and induced its apoptosis in vitro．Furthermore splenocytes conditioned medium with GL-B (GL-B-S-CM) and peritoneal macrophages conditional medium with GL-B (GL-B-PM-CM) also significantly inhibited HL-60 proliferation and induced its apoptosis in vitro．Further study indicated that GLE and GL-B could promote TNFa production from murine peritoneal macrophages and IFNg production from murine spleen cells in vitro．Finally GLE and GL-B could promote TNFa mRNA expression in murine peritoneal macrophages and IFNg mRNA expression in murine spleen cells．The results suggest that the anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum relates to activating macrophage and spleen cell，then promoting TNFa mRNA expression and IFNg mRNA expression，finally resulting TNFa and IFNg release．

"Deng Xiaoping Theory and the Important Thought of 'Three Represents'" is a politically and theoretically compulsory curriculum for the students of the medicine colleges and universities.It mainly functions as the guidance on the political conception and the cultivation of the students' spirits of humanism.Influenced by five factors such as the quality of the teaching staff,the teaching effect of the curriculum is not so satisfying.In consideration of the issues in teaching,the writer figures that they will be improved from such aspects as recombining human resources and adjusting lecture system.

The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma(Lingzhi) is closely related to immunoregulation. Based on our research and other references,this article discussed the antitumor effect of Ganoderma mediated by immunological mechanism, including promoting the function of mononuclear-macro?phages,and natural killers,promoting maturation and differentiation of dendritic cells,increasing its antigen presentation,activating lymphocytes and increasing cytotoxicity of cytotoxin T lymphocyte, promoting production of cytokines,inhibiting tumor escape from immune surveillance. Also, clinical studies with immunological indexes were reviewed.

Objective:To investigate the effects of rapamycin on allograft rejecti on and immune response in mice. Methods:The heterotopic ear-hea rt grafting or sk in grafting were done in mice. The delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response i nduced by dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB), the production of hemolysin of mouse sensitized by sheep red blo od cell (SRBC) and the neutral red phagocytosis of the peritoneal macrophage wer e also tested in mice. Results:RAPA significantly blocked allograft reject ion of heart and skin, markedly inhibited DTH response and decreased the production of hemolysin,but had no significant effect on the neutral red phagocytosis of the p eritoneal macrophage. Conclusion:RAPA potently blocked allograft rej ections in mi ce and suppressed cellular and humoral immune response, but had no significant e ffect on phagocytoses of macrophage.

Object To study the chemical constituents from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss ex Fr.) Karst Methods Individual constituent was isolated and repeatedly purified on silica gel column and structurally elucidated by the NMR spectra and X ray diffraction analysis Results Four compounds were obtained from the alcohol extract and identified as 3? oxo formyl 7?, 12? dihydroxy 4, 4, 14? trimethyl 5? chol 11, 15 dioxo 8 en (E) 24 oic acid (Ⅵ); 3? oxo formyl 7?, 12? dihydroxy 5? lanost 11, 15, 23 trioxo 8 en (E) 26 oic acid (Ⅶ); ergosterol (Ⅷ) and ergosta 7, 22 dien 3? ol (Ⅸ), respectively Conclusion Compound Ⅵ and Ⅶ are new triterpenes

AIM To study the effects of RAPA on lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogen and in mixed lymphocyte reaction(MLR), and the effects on T subpopulation and the content of IL 2,IFN ?,TNF ? in mice. METHODS Lymphocyte proliferation induced by mitogens and MLR were detected with MTT colometeric assay. T cell subsets were measured with fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACs). IL 2,IFN ? and TNF ? were detected by ELISA and biological assay. RESULTS RAPA inhibited murine lymphocyte proliferation induced by Con A, PHA or LPS, and also inhibited lymphocyte proliferation stimulated in MLR. RAPA had no significant effect on murine spleenic T lymphocyte subpopulation. RAPA inhibited ConA induced production of IL 2 of IFN ? by murine splenocytes, but had not inhibited LPS induced TNF ? production by murine peritoneal macrophage. CONCLUSION The immunosuppressive mechanism of RAPA is distinct from CsA.

A study was made; of the effect of malotilate on the acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachlorid,e ( CC14 ) and d-galactosamine in mice. Malotilate ( 50~150mg/kg ig?3 ) significantly inhibited the elevation of serum glu tamic pyruvic transaminase ( SGPT ) in CC14- intoxicated mice.At the dose of 100mg/kg ig?3, malotilate remarkably increased the content of hepatic glycogea in CCl4-injected mice. The contents of serum protein, liver protein, and cytochrom P-450 in liver hemogenate were increased by malotilate ( 100mg/kg ig?3) in CC14-intoxicated mice. The drug also reduced the accumulation of liver triglycerides induced by CCl4 in mice.In addition to, malotilate(50mg /kg, ip?5) could act against the increase of SGPT and the decrease of liver protein content induced with d-galactosamine in mice. These results suggest that malotilate may be a new therapeutic agent for liver injury.

The suppressive effects of cyclosporin A ( CsA ) made in China on immune function were studied in mice. CsA ( 25 and 50 mg/kg ig for 4 d ) caused a significant decrease of spleen plaque forming cell ( PFC ) in mice. At the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg ig for 4 d, CsA inhibited the production of hemolysin in a dose-dependent manner in mice immunized with SRBC. CsA ( 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg ig for 10d ) also markedly inhibited the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity ( DCH ) induced by DNCB in mice. CsA 50 mg/kg ig for 14d prolongated survival time of cardiac grafts. The treatment with CsA could not reduce the clearance rate of iv charcoal particles as well as bone marrow cells in mice. There was no significant difference of immu-nosuppressive effect on PFC response between China-made CsA and Sandoz-made CsA

AIM: To investigate the effect of (Ganoderma lucidum ) polysaccharides (Gl-PS) on the insulin-releasing function of pancreati c islets. METHODS: Pancreatic islets were isolated and incubated with 5.6 or 16.7 mmol?L -1 glucose and different concentratio ns of Gl-PS for 1 h. Then the insulin was examined. Verapamil, and verapamil co mbined EGTA were used to testify whether the insulin-releasing effect of Gl-PS was inhibited by these inhibitors. The effects of Gl-PS on protein expression of the glucose transporter 2(GLUT2) under 5.6 and 16.7 mmol?L -1 glucose were also investigated. RESULTS: Gl-PS stimulated th e insulin release when incubated with the glucose of 5.6 or 16.7 mmol ?L -1 . The insulin releasing effect of Gl-PS was partly inhibited by ve rapamil and completely inhibited by verapamil+EGTA. Gl-PS could promote the GLU T2 protein expression of pancreatic islets under glucose of 5.6 and 16.7 mmol?L -1 . CONCLUSION: Gl-PS possesses insulin-rele asing effect under the glucose of 5.6 and 16.7 mmol?L -1 due t o the promotion of the GLUT2 protein expression and the subsequent facilitation of Ca 2+ inflow into the pancreatic B cells.

AIM: To study the effect and potential mechanism of IFN? on tumor angiogenesis. METHODS: Human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) was cultured in vitro. The effect of IFN? (10, 100, and 1000 unit?ml -1) on proliferation of HUVEC was detected by MTT assay in vitro. HUVEC pretreated with IFN? (10, 100, and 1000 unit?ml -1) was stained with PI and detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The mRNA expression of apoptosis relative gene Bcl-2 and Bax of HUVEC treated with IFN? (100, and 1 000 unit?ml -1) were detected with semi quantitative reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IFN? (30, 300, and 3 000 unit?ml -1) on VEGF secretion and expression in human lung carcinoma cell PG in hypoxia were detected by ELISA assay. CONCLUSION: The key attributes of IFN? on tumor angiogenesis possible directly inhibit vascular endothelial cells or indirectly inhibit growth factors secretion and expression in tumor cells.