OBJECTIVETo observe the changes of bone histomorphometry parameters in condyle of rabbits during mandibular forward positioning.

METHODSForty rabbits with eight weeks of age were simple randomly divided into the experimental group (n = 24) and control group (n = 16).Mandibles of rabbits in the experimental groups were induced to forward position by a functional appliance.The experimental group and control group were sacrificed after 2 and 4, 8, 12 weeks.The specimens from right tempromandibular joints were processed for undemineralised sections.These sections were used for fluorescent microscopy observation and the measurement of bone histomorphometry.

RESULTSAt 8 week bone-volume fraction [(75.83 ± 1.10)%], trabecular thickness [(103.28 ± 2.89) µm], trabecular number [(2.86 ± 0.06) mm(-1)], mineral apposition rate [(2.32 ± 0.02) µm/d] and index of osteoblast [(30.20 ± 0.47) N/mm(2)] in subchondral region of the cartilage in the experimental group were significantly increased compared with the age-matched controls [respectively (64.00 ± 1.54)%, (87.00 ± 1.13) µm, (1.84 ± 0.08) mm(-1), (1.69 ± 0.02) µm/d and (21.07 ± 0.59) N/mm(2)] (P < 0.05). However, trabecular separation [(170.00 ± 2.25) µm] was lower than those in the controls [(241.50 ± 1.57) µm] with significant difference(P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the bone histomorphometry parameters of the central region between the experimental group and the age-matched control group (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe pattern of bone histomorphometry parameters expression in subchondral region has a high correlation with the adaptive remodeling of the condyle after functional appliance.

Animals ; Cartilage ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Female ; Male ; Mandibular Advancement ; Mandibular Condyle ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Orthodontic Appliances, Functional ; Rabbits ; Random Allocation

OBJECTIVETo study c-fos and substance P expression in the central nervous system following mechanical and chemical nociceptive stimulation to the masseters in rats with occlusal interference.

METHODSOcclusal interference was made by bonding a 2 mm long dentin screw in the pulp cavity of the first maxillary molar in the left side. Seven days after occlusal interference, the rats in occlusal interference and mechanical stimulus group and mechanical stimulus control group were light anesthetized and nociceptive mechanical stimulus were applied to the ipsilateral masseter. Pain response was recorded and all the animals were killed 2 hours later. The rats in the other two groups were deep anesthetized and 100 microL 5% formalin was injected into the ipsilateral masseter, killed 2 hours later. The brainstem and cervical spinal cord were processed c-fos and substance P immunoreactivity and data were quantitatively analyzed.

RESULTSBoth mechanical and chemical stimulus to the ipsilateral masseter induced increasing neuronal c-fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus and in the cervical spinal dorsal horn in occlusal interference and mechanical stimulus group and occlusal interference and chemical stimulus group (P < 0.05). Following mechanical stimulation to the ipsilateral masseter, substance P expression in the trigeminal nucleus transition zone was increased in occlusal interference and mechanical stimulus group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe central neuronal sensitization in the brainstem may play an important role in the masticatory muscle pain induced by occlusal interference.

Animals ; Masseter Muscle ; Masticatory Muscles ; Pain ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of 3-(4-~(18)F-fluorobenzyl)-8,9-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochromeno [3,4-c]pyridin-5-one ( is F-FDTP) as a potential dopamine D4 receptor PET imaging agent.Methods ~(18)F-FDTP solution in ethanol-physiological saline was incubated with calf serum to test its in vitro stability through the determination of radiochemical purity.Normal rats were injected intravenously with ~(18)F-FDTP and then sacrificed at 2,5,10,15,30,60 and 120 min after anesthesia.Blood,organs and brain tissue samples were collected.All samples were weighed and measured for radioactivity.The uptake of samples was expressed as percentage activity of injection dose per gram of tissue ( % ID/g).Results The stability of ~(18)F-FDTP was satisfactory and its radiochemical purity was above 95% after incubation 120 min at 37℃ in calf serum.The biodistribution showed that ~(18)F-FDTP could penetrate through the blood-brain barrier and selectively accumulate in striatum,hypothalamus,frontal certex,hippocampus,cerebellum,where the D_4 receptor was reportedly located.The radioactivities in hippocampus,hypothalamus,striatum,frontal cortex,cerebellum,pons were (0.42±0.03),(0.46±0.05),(0.54±0.04),(0.39±0.04),(0.45±0.06),(0.35±0.04) %ID/g,respectively,2 min post injection.And there was difference between the normal biodistribution results and the blocking experimental results:(0.36 ±0.05),( 0.33±0.05 ),(0.55±0.05 ),(0.30±0.07 ),(0.34±0.07 ) and (0.32±0.04) % ID/g in hippocampus,hypothalamus,striatum,frontal cortex,cerebellum and pons,respectively.Conclusions ~(18)F-FDTP can penetrate through the blood-brain barrier and selectively accumulate in striatum,hypothalamus,frontal cortex,hippocampus,cerebellum,where the D_4 receptor was known to concentrate.These preliminary results suggest that ~(18)F-FDTP is a potential dopamine D_4 receptor imaging agent and further studies are needed.

ObjectiveTo investigate the regulatory effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Shufengxuanfeijiedu formula on Janus kinase signal transducer and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) of lung tissues in mice with influenza viral pneumonia.Methods According to random number table, 60 mice were randomly divided into six groups with 10 mice in each group: normal group (N), model group (M), Tamiflu control group (C) and low (SL), medium (SM), high dose (SH) Shufengxuanfeijiedu formula groups. The mouse model of influenza virus pneumonia was reproduced by dropping of 0.05 mL 4LD50 inflluenza virus FM1 strain which can be adapted to lung tissue into the nose; while the N received nose instillation of 0.05 mL normal saline. After successful modeling for 2 hours, distilled water was given orally (by lavage) to N and M; Duffy (oseltamivir) 2.5 g·mL-1·d-1 was administrated to C; the TCM SL, SM, SH were intragastrically administered with different doses of shufengxuanfeijiedu decoction into the corresponding groups respectively (the ingredients of prescription: chrysanthemum, mulberry leaf, almond, platycodon root, forsythia, bupleurum etc. forming granules), according to the suitable dose of granules used for human body surface, the dose used for mouse surface area was calculated, the high dose means the dose used in the medium dose group doubled, the low dose means 1/2 dose used in medium group, once a day, once 0.2 mL for consecutive 4 days. Afterwards, the lung tissues were collected, the mouse differential gene expressions related to JAK-STAT pathway were detected by gene chip technology, the standards for screening of differential gene expression were as follows: up-regulated gene was P < 0.05, and the log2ratio > 1; down-regulation gene wasP < 0.05, and log2ratio < -1. The levels in lung tissue kinase (JAK) andγinterferon (IFN-γ) mRNA expressions were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).Results Compared with those in N, the differential expression gene transcription activator, STAT5 [log2 (N/M) = 2.32], interleukin 4 receptor alpha subunit [IL4RA, log2 (N/M) = 4.77], interleukin 12 receptor [IL12R, log2 (N/M) = 1.58], JAK [log2 (N/M) = 2.41] were all obviously up-regulated, and IFN was significantly down-regulated [log2 (N/M) = -1.45] in M. Compared with those in M, C group IFN [log2 (C/M) = 1.51], various TCM dose groups [log2 (SL/M) = 1.46, log2 (SM/M) = 1.72, log2 (SH/M) = 1.40] differential expression gene IFN was significantly up-regulated, STAT5 [log2 (C/M) = -2.06, log2 (SL/M) = -1.41, log2 (SM/M) = -2.10, log2 (SH/M) = -1.89], IL4RA [log2 (C/M) = -2.52, log2 (SL/M) = -1.85, log2 (SM/M) = -2.74, log2 (SH/M) = -1.39), IL12R [log2 (C/M) = -1.48, log2 (SL/M) = -0.10, log2 (SM/M) = -1.58, log2 (SH/M) = -0.53], JAK [log2 (C/M) = -1.44, log2 (SL/M) = -0.88, log2 (SM/M) = -1.74, log2 (SH/M) = -0.53] were significantly down-regulated. In M, the JAK mRNA expression was obviously elevated (2-ΔΔCt: 3.17±0.94 vs. 1.01±0.13,P < 0.05), while the IFN-γ mRNA expression was decreased (2-ΔΔCt: 0.15±0.48 vs. 1.01±0.12,P < 0.05); compared with M, the JAK mRNA expressions in C, SM and SH groups were all obviously decreased (2-ΔΔCt: 2.02±0.63, 1.19±0.30, 1.59±0.67 vs. 3.17±0.94, allP < 0.05); while the IFN-γmRNA expressions in C, SL, SM and SH groups were elevated (2-ΔΔCt: 0.61±0.12, 0.41±0.13, 0.85±0.14, 0.78±0.20 vs. 0.15±0.48, allP < 0.05).Conclusions Shufengxuanfeijiedu formula can ameliorate the mice immune pathological injury of lung tissues induced by influenza virus by regulating JAK-STAT signal pathway and balancing Th1/2 via up-regulating the expression of IFN-γ.

Objective To investigate the relationship between methyle-netetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ) genetic polymorphisms and ad-verse drug reactions of methotrexate ( MTX) chemotherapy for acute lym-phoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) in China.Methods The relevant data bases were searched and reviewed.Meta -analysis was performed by software of RevMan 5.3.Results Ten studies were included , and half of them only involved MTHFR C 677 T, and the others involved both.The meta-analysis showed thatcompared with 677 CT/TT, 677 CC had a low-er risk of erythra ( P<0.05 );there were no significant differences in the total adverse drug reactions and other types of adverse drug reaction;age had no effect on the relationship between MTHFR genetic polymorphisms and adverse reactions of MTX.There were no significant differences in the total adverse reactions and different types of adverse reaction between 1298 AA and 1298 AC/CC; 1298 AA had a lower risk of mucositis than 1298 AC/CC in pediatric ALL ( P<0.05 ).Conclusion MTHFR C677 T and A1298 C polymorphisms do not seem to be good markers of MTX -re-lated total adverse drug reactions , but may affect part types such as eryth-ra and mucositis in Chinese ALL.

Objective To study the influences of mental disorders on female systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)and analyze the factors. Methods We used symptom check list -90 (SCL-90) as a basis for judging mental disorders disease activity. Disease activity, social support and depreciation - discrimination were used as possible influencing factors. Social support and discomfort – discrimination were possible influencing factors. Multivariate unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of mental disorders. Results The total score of SCL-90 of patients with female SLE was significantly higher than that of norm models ［(136.39±48.66) vs (129.96±38.76)］ (P<0.05), in 289 SLE patients, the number of patients with mental disorders was 128 (44.3%). High monthly income(OR=0.770, 95% CI:0.604-0.981, P=0.034) was a protective factor for mental disorders. High disease activity (OR=1.792, 95% CI:1.023-3.138, P=0.042)and high discomfort–discrimination (OR=1.100, 95% CI:1.035-1.169, P=0.002)were risk factors for mental disorders. Conclusions Female SLE patients have a higher risk of mental disorders than the general population. And eliminating self-depreciation, reducing social discrimination, active employment, increasing monthly income, standardizing treatment and reducing disease activity may effectively alleviate mental disorders in SLE patients.

[Objective]To investigate the effects of continuous long-term sleep deprivation on rat's behavior,memory and neurotransmitters in hippocampus,as well as determine the effects of prevention of electro-acupuncture.[Method]We used multi-platform water environment to make the rat model of insomnia.The experiment was divided into two sections.Sec-tion one:thirty rats were divided into 5 groups(six rats each group):tank control group(TC),sleep-deprived for continu-ous 7 days group(SD group),three days of recovery after SD group(3d after SD group),six days of recovery after SD group (6d after SD group),eleven days of recovery after SD group(11d after SD group).The term of recovery refers to normal feed-ing and sleeping when rats return to cages after sleep-deprivation.The open-field test was performed following the end time of each group experiment and then the rats were perfused and fixed.Section two:Eighteen rats were divided into three groups (six rats each group):tank control group(TC),sleep-deprived for continuous 7 days group(SD group),sleep-deprived rats treated with electro-acupuncture group(SD+EA group).Rats of SD group and SD+EA group were deprived sleep for con-tinuous 7 days. During the period of sleep deprivation,the rats of SD+EA group were treated with electro-acupuncture 20 minutes every morning.At the end time of experiment,rats were tested by the Morris water maze and then perfused and get specimens.[Results]Section one:the statistical analysis of outcome of open-field test showed:as compared to the TC group,the scores of rat's horizontal movement and vertical movement were significantly fewer in the SD group(P<0.05).Af-ter 3,6,or 11 days recovery of sleep,the scores increased significantly as compared with SD group(P<0.05). Although, the outcome of open-field test in the 3d after SD and 6d after SD groups had the significant difference with TC group(P<0.05),there was no different between the 11d after SD group and TC group(P>0.05).The quantitative analysis of gamma aminobutyric acid(GABA)expression in the hippocampus showed:the SD group shows lower level of GABA when com-pared to the TC group(P<0.05).After 3 days or 6 days of recovery,the expression of GABA is higher than the SD group(P<0.05),and similar to the TC group(P>0.05).In the 11days after SD group,the expression of GABA declined as compared to the TC group and the 6d after SD group(P<0.05).Section two:In the Morris water maze experiment,when compared to the TC group and the SD+EA group,the escape latency period was significantly prolonged and the times of across the plat-form were significantly reduced in the SD group(P<0.05).On the contrary,there were no statistical differences in the escape latency period or the across platform times between the SD+EA group and the TC group(P>0.05).The results of serotonin(5-HT)and GABA in the hippocampus showed:the 5-HT level in the SD group was no significant difference as compared to the TC group and the SD group on 5-HT level,while the 5-HT level in the SD+EA group was reduced as compared to the TC group(P<0.05). In the opposite,the GABA level in the SD group was decreased as compared to the TC group(P<0.05),while the SD+EA group and the TC group appear similarly level(P>0.05).[Conclusions]The effect of 7 days'contin-uous long-term sleep-deprivation may lead to the reduction in the ability of learning and memory behavior of rats.Our results is different with 4 days'continuously sleep-deprivation which was reported on the rats'expression of GABA and 5-HT. Electro-acupuncture stimulating the Sishengcong Acupoints seems preventing the harming of long-term sleep-deprivation on the ability of learning and memory,which probably is through adjusting the disorder of central neurotransmitter expression caused by sleep deprivation.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of determining the breast cancer extension with diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)and the apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC).Methods Fifty-nine lesions(57 patients)were studied by using DWI and ADC measurement before surgical excision.The cancer extension was investigated on ADC maps with different b values(b=500 and 1000 s?mm~(-2))according to the threshold values discussed before.The lesion extension on dynamic enhanced images and on DWI was used for comparison.The tumor extension was determined by calculating two lines.Line one:the maximum diameter of lesion.Line two:perpendicular line crossing the midpoint of line one.All measurement was compared with the pathologic specimen.Results(1)There were 48 invasive ductal carcinomas,6 ductal carcinomas in situ with small invasive foci,3 mucinous carcinomas,and 2 medullary carcinomas.(2)The low ADC value on ADC maps at b=500 and 1000 s?mm~(-2)was described as cancer extension.The measurement results were compared to pathologic figures and the pattern of correlation was categorized into 3 groups:Group 1,the area of low ADC values was almost the same as the pathological tumor extension; Group 2(overdiagnosis),the area of low ADC values was wider and more than 20% larger than the area of tumor extension;Group 3(false negative),no area of low ADC value was observed.There were no significant difference between DWI with b of 500 and b of 1000 s?mm~(-2)(X~2=0.160,P=0.689;X~2= 0.172,P=0.679)in Groups 1 and Group 3.There were 2 lesions in Group 2,which were consistent in DWI with b of 500 and b of 1000 s?mm~(-2).There were 14 misdiagnosed lesions,including overdiagnosis in 2 lesions and false negative in 12 lesions.Eight lesions measured at DWI with b of 500 and b of 1000 s? mm~(-2)were not consistent.Five lesions were diagnosed correctly at DWI with b of 500 s?mm~(-2),three of them were duetal carcinomas in situ with small invasive foci.(3)The extension of lesion on dynamic enhanced imaging was measured at 4 minutes after enhancement,and was compared with the extension measured at the same slice on DWI map.Pathologic figures were regarded as the gold standard.The extension of 47 lesions(80%)on enhanced images accorded with DWI.The abnormal area on DWI,which was consistent with pathologic figures,was wider than the area on enhanced images in 8 lesions.Of them,3 lesions were mucinous carcinomas and 5 lesions were grade 3 invasive ductal carcinomas.Conclusion DWI and ADC value have the potential in evaluating the cancer extension.The accuracy of extension measured on DWI map was better than that on dynamic enhanced images for some kinds of breast cancers.

Objective To investigate the association between ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the peroxisome proliferator-aetivated receptor (PPAR) α/δ/γ and essential hypertension (EH).Methods Participants were recruited within the framework of a cohort populations survey from the PMMJS (Prevention of Multiple Metabolic Disorders and MS in Jiangsu Province) which was conducted in the urban community of Jiangsu province from 1999 to 2007.Eight handred and twenty subjects (551 non-hypertensive subjects,269 hypertensive subjects) were randomly selected but were not related to each other.Ten SN P ( rs 135539,rs1800206,rs4253778 of PPAR αt; rs2016520,rs9794 of PPARδ ; rs10865710,rs1805192,rs4684847,rs709158 and rs3856806 of PPARγ ) were selected from the HapMap database.x2 test was used to determine whether the whole population was in H-W genetic equilibrium.SHEsis software was used to examine the relations of SNP and linkage equilibrium.Logistic regression model was used to examine the association between ten SNP in the PPAR and EH.Results Difference on the distribution of four SNP genotypes including rs1800206,rs9794,rsl0865710 and rs4684847 between high blood pressure and non-high blood pressure group,high systolic blood pressure(SBP) and normal SBP group,high diastolic blood pressure(DBP) and normal DBP group was significant (P＜0.05).After adjusting factors as age,sex,body mass index,fasting plasma glucose,high density lipoprotein cholesterol-C,high-fat diet and compared with wildtype gene carriers,the OR(95％ CI) of objects with rs1800206 V allele appeared in high blood pressure,high SBP and high DBP were 0.60 (0A1-0.89),0.57 (0.37-0.88) and 0.61 (0.39-0.96),respectively.The OR(95％CI) of objects with G allele of rs9794 were 0.63 (0.46-0.87),0.51 (0.36-0.73) and 0.68(0.47-1.01).The OR (95％CI) of objects with G allele of rs10865710 were 1.62 (1.19-2.20),1.59(1.14-2.22) and 1.53 ( 1.07-2.18),respectively.While the OR (95％ CI) of objects with rs4684847 T allele were 1.42 ( 1.04-1.94),1.38 (1.03-1.92) and 1.37 ( 1.00-1.88),respectively.Conclusion The four SNPs including rs1800206 of PPARα,rs9794 of PPARδ and rs4684847,rs10865710 of PPARγ influenced high blood pressure,high SBP and high DBP to different degrees.

Objective To explore the roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) on the levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and the interactions of PPARs haplotypes with abnormal body weight.Methods Subjects (n=644) were randomly selected from the cohort ‘Prevention of Multiple metabolic disorders and Metabolic syndrome in Jiangsu province (PMMJS)'Variance test,t test and lineal regression were used to analyze the associations between PPARs polymorphisms and the levels of CRP.The association between PPARs haplotypes and serum CRP levels as well as the interaction of PPARs haplotypes with abnormal body weight were analyzed,under the SNPStats software.Results After adjusting for sex,age,blood pressure,cigarette smoking,alcohol drinking and so on,data showed that both rs1800206 and rs9794 were associated with the changes along with the levels of CRP (P＜0.05).After adjusting for the same factors,haplotypes of AVG and CVG in PPARα,CG in PPARδ appeared to be associated with the increase (P＜0.05) while haplotypes of CC in PPARδ,CPCAC in PPARγ were associated with the decrease of CRP levels (P＜0.05).Results from the Interaction analysis also noted that the interactions did exist between abnormal body weight and both AVG,CVG in PPARαt,and CG in PPARδ.Conclusion PPARs polymorphisms and haplotypes were associated with CRP.Interaction between PPAR α/δand abnormal body weight might contribute to the levels of CRP.