Background Trachoma is a common infectious eye disease,and its incidence is associated with region,economy and sanitary condition.To survey the prevalence status of an area is very important for the prevention and treatment of trachoma.Objective Aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of trachoma in primary and secondary school students of Chifeng Keshiketengqi,and to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of trachoma with age,gender,ethnicity and living environment.Methods This was a cross-sectional study.According to cluster random sampling method,2067 students were drawn from 10 primary and secondary schools,including 1061male and 1006 female.The age of students ranged from 6 to 17 years old,with the average age (12.53 ± 2.31)years.In the taken samples,Han students were 1768,and Mongolian students were 299;the agricultural and pastoral students were 1209,and the urban students were 858.The general life factors associated with trachoma were surveyed by questionnaire.Trachoma was diagnosed and graded based to 1987 WHO Simplified Trachoma Grading Standards.Eye examinations included visual inspection,eyelids,conjunctiva and cornea neovascularization under the slit lamp microscope,and the clinical data were recorded and collected.The results were statistically analyzed by SPSS13.0 software.Results According to the sampling proportion of 10.05％,2153 students were included and 2067 students participated in this study with the response rate 96％.Trachoma was diagnosed in 972 students with a morbidity 47.0％.The prevalence rate of trachoma was increased with the ageing,and a statistically significant difference was seen among the 6-8 years group,9-11 years group,12-14 years group and 15-17 years group (x2 =11.043,P =0.011),and the prevalence of trachomatous infiltration was significantly higher than that of trachomatous folliele (x2=11.493,P＜0.05).The prevalence rate of trachoma in Han and Mongolian students was 45.8％ and 54.5％,showing a significant difference between them (x2 =6.228,P =0.013).In addition,statistically significant differences also were found in the prevalence rate of trachoma between the pastoral areas students and urban students (56.1％ vs.39.7％,x2=30.226,P =0.000),but no significant difference was seen between male and female (47.0％ vs.46.9％,x2 =0.000,P =0.995).Conclusions The trachoma prevalence rate is relatively higher in the primary and secondary students in Chifeng Keshiketeng.These results offer a basis for the prevention and treatment of trachoma.

AlM:To investigate the effect of teaching mode of problem- based learning ( PBL ) in the teaching of medical students' clinical ophthalmology.
METHODS: Five classes ( total 148 students ) were randomly selected as experimental group, using PBL method, at the same time another 5 classes ( total 151 students) were also randomly selected as control group, using lecture-based learning ( LBL) mode in 2010 grade. The scores of the experimental group were compared with control at the end of term. ln addition, students and teachers were respectively interviewed using self -administered questionnaire to obtain their evaluation for PBL practice.
RESULTS:The mean scores of PBL group (78. 35±7. 63) were significantly higher than control group (71. 68±6. 37) (P<0. 001). Most of students thought that their ability of referring, synthesizing and analyzing information was enhanced by PBL, and their skills both in written and oral were also improved. PBL made it easier to understand the contexts of course. lt was the best way to improve the effect of teaching in ophthalmology based on the increase of quality in novitiate that gives more chance to students of contacting with practice, developing the ability of clinical thinking and verifying the theory in clinical novitiate. Lots of teachers considered that the classroom atmosphere was more active, students were becoming more and more proactive on their classes and the relationship between students and teachers were more harmonious when PBL was used.
CONCLUSlON:Using PBL teaching mode can highly improve the teaching effectiveness of clinical epidemiology, which is worth popularizing.

BackgroundCataract is a leading blinding eye disease,and the prevalence of cataract varies in different regions.ObjectiveThe present study was to investigate the incidence of cataract,surgical coverage rate of cataract and postoperative visual acuity,and to propose a strategy for blindness prevention in Chifeng Keshiketengqi.Methods This is a cross-sectional survey of research.A random cluster sampling method was performed in 12 populated areas in Keshiketengqi.Inhabitants over 50 years in the region were included in this survey.This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of Inner Mongolia People' s Hospital.Informed consents were obtained orally from all the subjects.Disease history,visual acuity,intraocular pressure and regular ophthamological examinations were performed.The inclusion criteria of a pilot study and detailed protocol were employed to calculate the incidence rate of cataract.The questionnaire survey was simultaneously adopted to analyze the cataract-related factors.The surgical coverage rate of cataract in this area was calculated.ResultsIn a total 4234 inhabitants,3826 subjects participated in the survey with a response rate of 90.36％.Cataract was found in 1200 participants with an incidence rate of 31.39％.Age,the female gender and illiteracy were identified as risk factors for cataract (x2 =101.005,P =0.000 ;x2 =58.853,P =0.000 ;x2 =12.037,P =0.007 ).The prevalence rates of cataract were 36.98％ and 33.56％ for illiterates and women,respectively.The incidence rate in the Mongol population was significantly higher than that of the Han population ( 34.83％ vs.29.76％ ) (x2 =9.734,P =0.001 ).The cataract surgery rate increased yearly since 1998.When the vision acuity of the fellow eye was ＜0.1,the surgery coverage rate was 20.60％,but the rates were lower in female,illiterates and the Mongol population (x2 =1.993,P =0.038 ;x2 =16.463,P =0.044 ;x2 =8.523,P =0.029).When a pinhole visual acuity of ＜0.05 was determined as the criteria of blindness,the surgical coverage rate was 28.36％.The cataract surgical coverage rates for Han and Mongolian were 30.67％ and 24.53％,respectively,with a significant difference between them (x2 =12.951,P=0.000).The social burden rate was 3.34％ in this area,with a majority of females,illiterates and the Mongol population ( P＜0.05 ).ConclusionsIn agricultural and pastoral areas of Chifeng Keshiketengqi,the ≥50 years old population has a high rate of cataract blindness and low surgery coverage rate.Surgery is still the preferred way for cataract treatment.

BACKGROUND: Absorbable material is a hotspot in orthopedics, which is biodegradable, avoids fixation residues and second surgical trauma compared with the traditional internal fixation.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of K-wires, screws and absorbable rods for the internal fixation of Mason II-III radial head fractures.METHODS: Totally 45 patients with Mason Ⅱ-Ⅲ radial head fractures were collected from January 2010 to December 2015 admited in Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital and Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and were then divided into three groups (n=15 per group), followed by implanted with K-wires (group A), screws (group B)and absorbable rods (group C), respectively. The baseline data, operation time, blood loss, healing time, Mayo and Broberg-Morrey scores were compared among groups.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There were no significant differences in the baseline data, operation time, blood loss,and healing time among groups (P > 0.05). (2) The Mayo scores in the groups A, B, and C were (88.45±6.22),(92.37±5.60), and (90.82±6.58), respectively; the Broberg-Morrey scores in the groups A, B, and C group were ((90.82±6.83), (93.05±6.54), and (91.68±7.15), respectively; all above scores showed no significant differences among groups (P > 0.05). (4) The total incidence rate of complications in the groups A, B, and C was 20％ (2/15), 13％ (2/15),and 7％ (1/15) respectively, showing no significant difference among groups (P > 0.05). (4) These results indicate that the absorbable rods can obtain satisfactory treatment outcomes for Mason II-III radial head fractures, which is equivalent to the traditional internal fixation. Moreover, it can avoid secondary operation for removing internal fixators and the adverse impact of stress shielding, so it is recommended to be used in clinic.

Objective To observe the effects of five flavonoids include rutin(RU),dihydromyricetin(DMY),hesperetin(HP),daidzein(DA)and hydroxysaffor yellow A(HYSA)on myocardiocyte apoptosis induced by H2O2 and to explore their relationships with Keshan disease and the possible mechanism.Methods Primary cultured cardiocytes of neonatal rats were randomly divided into control group,model group,and flavonoids preincubation group.The cardiocyte apoptosis was examined by fluorescent staining,the rates of apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry,the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins associated with apoptosis were observed:by Western blot.Results Compared with model group[(24.33±6.51)%],RU[(13.95±3.80)%],DA[(11.82±3.50)%],HYSA[(12.33±3.78)%]could decreased the rate of apoptosis(P＜0.05).The five flavonoids could up-regulate Bcl-2 expression,down-regulate Bax expression,and increase the Bcl-2/Bax ratio[RU(0.989±0.094),DMY(0.931±0.280),HP(0.980±0.095),DA(1.049±0.092),HYSA(1.031±0.039),vs model(0.490±0.046),the difference had statistical significances(P＜0.05)],but the Bcl-xl did not significantly changed(P＞0.05).Conclusions RU,DMY,HP,DA and HYSA have antiapoptotic effects on cardiomyocyte via regulating Bcl-2 and Bax,which gives us a hint in prevention and treatment of Keshan disease.

Background With the development of phacoemulsification surgery,the minimization of the size of the incision in order to reduce the damaging of eye tissue and postoperative complications becomes a focus.Objective This study aimed to assess the clinical efficacy of coaxial phacoemulsification type cataract surgery through a 1.8 mm microincision with foldable intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes with age-related cataract.Methods Informed consent was obtained from each patient at the beginning of this study.A serial case observation study was designed.Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients with age-related cataract were enrolled in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People' s Hospital from April 2012 to May 2012,including 8 eyes of grade Ⅱ hard nucleus cataract,16 eyes of grade Ⅲ hard nucleus cataract and 8 eyes of grade Ⅳ hard nucleus cataract.Ocular axial length was measured by an A-mode ultrasonic apparatus,and IOL diopter was calculated using the SRK-Ⅱ formula.Under ocular surface anesthesia,a 1.8 mm clear corneal tunnel incision was made at the 10-11 o' clock position,and then an auxiliary incision was made at the 2 o' clock position.The opaque lens was extracted by routine phacoemulsification.An Akreos MI60 IOL was implanted through the 1.8 mm incision.The time and level of ultrasonic power required for phacoemulsification,postoperative visual acuity and incidence of postoperative complication were assessed.Postoperative examinations were scheduled at 1 day,1 week and 1 month after the surgery.Results All the operations proceeded smoothly.The mean phaco-time was (7.0±3.6) seconds and the mean ultrasonic power level was (15.3 ±6.1)％ among the different grades of cataract groups.The number of eyes presenting an uncorrected distance visual acuity of ≥ 0.5 was 18 (56.25％),28 (87.50％) and 30 (93.75％) 1 day,1 week and 1 month after surgery,respectively.The number of eyes with a best corrected distance visual acuity of ≥ 0.5 and 0.8 were 31(96.88％) and 26 (81.25％),respectively,1 month after surgery.Negligible changes were detected in the anterior chamber depths,and no thermal damage was found at the incision during the operation.Conclusions Coaxial phacoemulsification and IOL implantation through a 1.8 mm microincision is safe and effective.Thorough planning and precise execution are necessary.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the therapeutic mechanism of three-step sequential method (TSSM) on patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma (SDA).

METHODSForty patients with SDA were randomly assigned according to the randomizing number table to two groups equally, the treated group treated with three-step sequential recipes plus inhalation of Pulmicort Turbuhaler 200 microg, twice a day, and the control group treated with Pulmicort Turbuhaler alone. The therapeutic course for both groups was 12 - 14 weeks. Changes of the symptom score of asthma, the corticosteroid dosage used and the lung function were observed and the positive expression rate of IFN-gamma and IL-4 in peripheral CD4+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry before and after treatment.

RESULTSThere was significant difference in the asthma symptom score, the oral corticosteroid dosage and the lung function between the treated group and the control group after treatment (P < 0.01). The expression rate of Th2 reduced, the ratio of Th1/Th2 increased significantly after treatment in both groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), but the changes were more remarkable in the treated group than those in the control group, showing significant difference between them (P < 0.01), while the expression rate of Th1 had no obvious change after treatment with no significant difference shown between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONTSSM can regulate imbalance of Th1/Th2, inhibit generation of inflammatory cytokines, decrease airway hyper-response, and therefore improve the pulmonary function, alleviate the asthmatic symptoms and reduce the patients' dependence on corticosteroid.

Adult ; Asthma ; drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Glucocorticoids ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; methods ; Substance-Related Disorders ; drug therapy ; etiology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; drug effects ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer ; drug effects

In order to study the accumulation of Fritillaria thunbergii cultivar, peimine content in Xiaye, Kuanye, Duozi and Xiaosanzi bulbs of different sizes and parts was determined by HPLC-ELSE. The results indicated that the peimine content varied significantly with the cultivar type, the size and part of bulb. The distribution laws of peimine were as follow: Xiaosanzi > Duozi > Xiaye > Kuanye, small-size bulb > big-size bulb, core bud > scale. The peimine yield per plant in Duozi was the highest.
Cevanes ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fritillaria ; chemistry ; growth & development

Objective To discuss the frequent etiology of spontaneous sub-cortical hemorrhage and its diag- nosis.Methods The clinical materials of 79 cases of spontaneous sub-cortical hemorrhage were analyzed.Results 56% of the hemorrhage was caused by arterial-venous malformation.48% of the hemorrhage was caused by occult AVM.Conclusion AVM is the most frequent etiology of spontaneous sub-cortical hemorrhage.CTA plays a special role in its diagnosis.

Objective To explore the changes of plasma redox status in patients with coronary heart disease and its clinical implications. Methods One hundred and forty-four patients suspected with coronary heart disease were divided into three groups according to the results of coronary arteriography. Coronary heart disease group (n= 59, group A), coronary atherosclerosis group (n=53, group B), and normal coronary group (n=32, group C). The plasma glutathione (reduced form GSH and oxidized form GSSG) ,oxidized low density hpoprotein cholesterol(ox-LDL-C) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in all patients. The GSH/GSSG redox potential were calculat-ed according to Nernst equation,and their correlation with the severity of coronary artery stenosis and oxLDL-C was analyzed. Results Along with the severity of coronary artery stenosis (from Group C to Group A), GSH, GSH/ GSSG gradually reduced (respectively (321.27±56.80)μmol/L, (309.52±44.97) μmol/L, ( 285.71±38.38) μmol/L;10.56±1.70,9.86±1.58,8.65±1.18 ;F=29.49 and 26.18,P<0.05), whereas GSH/GSSG redox po-tential gradually increased ( (- 142.23±1.35) mV, (-140.41±1.13) mV, (-136.61±1.21 ) mV;F =20.69,P <0.05 )) and redox status deviated to oxidization. The products of oxidative stress oxLDL-C and MDA also increased significantly along with the severity of coronary artery stenosis (respectively (417.24±126.64 ) μg/L, (557.45±171.85) μg/L, (691.96±203, 56 ) μg/L;(2.39±1.24) μmol/L, (3.25±1.37 ) μmol/L, (4.39± 1.52) μmol/L;F=26.28 and 25.39,P<0.05). GSH/GSSG redox potential was positively correlated with oxLDL-C (r=0.798,P<0.05). Conclusions The imbalance of plasma redox status and deviating to oxidization may be closely related with the development and progress of atherosclerosis.