The leading cause of drug withdrawal from market and clinical trials failure is drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Varying clinical, histological and laboratory features of DILI, as well as undefined underlying mechanisms, hinder patients to be diagnosed in the early-stage of the disease and receive effective treatments. Conventional indicators, like serum transaminases and bilirubin, have inevitable limitations referring to sensitive prediction and specific detection of DILI. In order to reduce the occurrence of DILI, researchers have attempted to discover potential biomarkers with higher specificity and sensitivity from blood and urine in recent years. This article aims to review recent advances in biomarkers of DILI.
Biomarkers ; blood ; urine ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Adenocarcinoma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Precancerous Conditions ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Vaginal Smears ; methods

Eleven compounds were isolated and purified from the barks extract of Nothopanax delavayi and their structures were identified as serratagenic acid-3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester (1), serratagenic acid-3-0-alpha-L-arabi-nopyranosyl-28-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (2), serratagenic acid (3), serratagenic acid-3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (4), serratagenic acid-beta-O-beta-(2', 4'-O-diacetyl) -D-xylopyranosyl-28-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopy-ranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->46)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (5), serratagenic acid-3-O-alpha-(4'-O-acetyl)-L-arabino pyrano-syl-28-0- [-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester(6), serratagenic acid-3-O-alpha-(2'-O-acetyl)-L-arabinopyranosyl-28-O-[-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1-->4) -beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester(7), serratagenic acid-3-0-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-28-O-[-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (8), protocatechuic acid (9), ethyl caffeate (10) and caffeic anhydride (11) by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data analysis. Among them, compounds 3-4 and 9-11 were firstly isolated from the genus Nothopanax, and compounds 5-8 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Araliaceae ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Bark ; chemistry

Objective To estimate the difference of PS、CBV/CBF in the evaluation pf angiogenesis and growth behavior of the C6 glioma.Methods Sixty adult Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups randomly.CT perfusion were performed at the time of 5,13,20 d after the rats were inoculated C6 glioma cells.Permeability surface(PS),cerebral blood volume(CBV),cerebral blood flow(CBF)of different part of the tumor(central part,peripheral part,adjacent part and contralateral normal parenchyma)were measured at different time.Results At the central parts of the lesions,there were obvious difference between different time of tumor growth among PS[(3.94?0.15),(8.47?0.34),(5.20?0.65)ml? 100g~(-1)?min~(-1)],CBF[(280.33?8.82),(388.33?14.00),(116.16?11.54)ml? 100g~(-1)?min~(-1)],CBV[(7.75?0.27),(12.73?0.98),(5.14?0.66)ml?100g~(-1)](F=4.421,P= 0.013;F=11.370,P=0.000;F=15.789,P=0.000).There were statistical difference of PS at the different time in both the peripheral and adjacent parts of the glioma.(F=13.567,P=0.000;F=12.470, P=0.000).No difference were detected in CBF or CBV at different time of the peripheral parts of the tumors(F=1.176,P=0.336;F=0.148,P=0.710).there were significant difference between different time of tumor growth among CBF[(175.33?12.95),(275.50?13.76),(246.33?12.81)ml? 100g~(-1)?min~(-1)],CBV[(4.15?0.47),(8.05?0.30),(7.54?0.89)ml?100g~(-1)]at the adjacent parts of the tumors(F=24.176,P=0.000;F=17.148,P=0.000;F=15.791,P=0.000). Coneluslon CBV,CBF can reflect the number and volume of the tumor vessels,while PS can directly reflect the function of the angiogenesis and the behavior of the glioma.

BACKGROUND:There is a very close relationship between osteoporosis and periodontal disease in postmenopausal women, but the mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression of nuclear factor-κB in the alveolar bone andinterleukin-17 in the serum and gingiva in the mouse model of osteoporosis caused by ovariectomy. METHODS:Female mice aged 3 months were randomly divided into ovariectomy and sham operation groups. At 6 months after surgery, the mouse models were evaluated histologically on the submandibular bone and thigh bone stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In the submandibular bone, the expression levels of OCN and Runx2 were detected by RT-PCR, and the expression level of nuclear factor-κB was detected by immunohistochemical staining and western blot assay. Besides, the expression level of interleukin-17 in the serum and gingival homogenate was evaluated using Cytometric Beads Array. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The thigh bone in the ovariectomy group revealed the thin cortical bone, enlarged marrow cavity, and increased resorption lacunae, as well as fewer, thinner trabeculae with lower density and irregular structure. Compared with the sham operation group, the expression levels of OCN and Runx2 in the alveolar bone were decreased in the ovariectomy group. The activation of nuclear factor-κB (P65)appeared with P65 positive expression in the submandibular bone in the ovariectomy group, and the relative expression level was higher than that in the sham operation group. The serum level of interleukin-17 in the ovariectomy group was higher than that in the sham operation group, but the level in the gingival tissue showed no significant difference between the two groups. These results indicate that estrogen deficiency after ovariectomy can activate nuclear factor-κB signal pathway to play a role in periodontal osteolysis. However interleukin-17 in the local periodontal tissue may not be a key cytokine to damage the periodontal tissue.

ObjectiveTo analyze the relationship between clinical characteristic pathology and prognosis in infant with intra-abdominal solid tumor.MethodsFifty-two infants(less than 1 year old) with abdominal solid tumor from Apr.1998 to Feb.2007 in Shanghai Children's Medical Center and from Jan.2001 to Feb.2007 in Shanghai Xinhua Hospital were reviewed.The history of these children were reviewed.Features and clinical pathology of these children with their prognosis were analyzed and followed up by telephones and children return visit records from 5 months to 8 years.ResultsLess than 1 month,7 cases;1 month to 1 year old,45 cases.Teratoma 23 cases(44.23%),neuroblastoma 9 cases(17.31%),nephroblastoma 6 cases(11.54%),hepatoblastoma 5 cases(9.62%),epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver 3 cases(5.77%),congenital mesoblastic nephroma 3 cases(5.77%),fusiform cell epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of pancreas 1 case(1.92%),hamartoma of the liver 1 case(1.92%),retroperitoneal small cell malignant tumor 1 case(1.92%).Benign:malignant=1:1.Among the benign tumor,male:female=1:1.Among the malignant tumor,male:female=2.33:1.0.All children were treated with tumor resection,and combined with chemotherapy for those whose tumors were malignant.ConclusionsAmong infant abdominal solid tumors,teratoma and neuroblastoma are much more than other tumors.The cases of benign tumors are almost as much as the malignant tumors.The benign tumors did not have sex differences,and had good prognosis after surgical resection.However,in malignant tumors,the incidence rate of male is obviously higher than female.Completely resection of those malignant tumors with chemotherapy would get little incidence of recrudescence and low case fatality rate.Early diagnosis and early treatment play an important role in prognosis.

WRKY transcription factor is one of the Zinc finger proteins which contains a highly conserved WRKY domain and is a family of the plant-specific transcription factor. The plasmid pET28a-SmWRKY1 harboring Salvia miltiorrhiza WRKY1 (SmWRKY1) gene was successfully transformed and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The conditions on protein expression of SmWRKY1 in E. coli, including induction duration, temperature, IPTG concentration and the E. coli concentration were optimized. The results showed that the highest protein expression of SmWRKY1 was obtained at 24 hours after the E. coli was cultured in the presence of 0.2 mol x L(-1) IPTG at 20 degrees C with A600 values of 1.0-1.5. This recombinant histidine-tagged protein was expressed at 2.454 g x L(-1) as inclusion body, which was first extracted using urea, and then purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography and identified by SDS-PAGE. The expression of SmWRKY1 in E. coli was further confirmed by western blotting analysis.
Blotting, Western ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Escherichia coli ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Plant Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the chemical constituents from the branch of Broussonetia papyrifera.

METHODColumn chromatographic methods were used to isolate the chemical constituents. ESI-MS and NMR methods were employed for their structural elucidation.

RESULTSix compounds were isolated and identified as (2S)-7, 3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavan (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), D-galacitol (3), sulfuretin (4), liriodendrin (5), graveolone (6), respectively.

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-6 were isolated from the plant for the first time.

Benzofurans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Broussonetia ; chemistry ; Ergosterol ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Furans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), an open reading frame of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) was isolated from Panax notoginseng and named as PnPR1. Molecular and bioinformatic analyses of PnPR1 revealed that an open reading frame of 501 bp was predicted to encode a 166-amino acid protein with a deduced molecular mass of 18.1 kD. Homology analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of PR1 protein of Panax notoginseng had a high similarity with other higher plants had the same conservative structure domain of cysteine-rich secretory protein (CAP). The recombinant expressed plasmid pET28a(+)-PnPR1 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The expression conditions were optimized by induction at different times, different temperatures, different IPTG concentrations and different giving times. The optimum expression condition was 0.4 mmol.L-1 IPTG at 28 degrees C for 20 h. The successful expression of PnPR1 provides some basis for protein purification and preparation of the monoclonal antibody.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli ; metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Open Reading Frames ; genetics ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of GreenLight 120-W laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

METHODSWe searched PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, CNKI, and VIP for randomized control trials and their references addressing 120-W PVP versus TURP in the treatment of BPH. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reviewers independently accomplished the screening, quality assessment, and data extraction of the identified studies and performed meta-analyses using RevMan 5.2.

RESULTSTotally, 6 randomized control trials were included in this analysis, involving 703 cases, 351 treated by PVP and 352 by TURP. Compared with TURP, PVP showed significantly decreased time of catheterization (by 32. 55 hours, 95% CI 15.3 -49.8, P < 0.01), hospital stay (by 1.85 days, 95% CI 1.2-2.5, P < 0.01), and intraoperative blood loss (by 15.6 g/L, 95% CI 10.0-21.2, P < 0.01), but increased time of operation (by 9.37 minutes, 95% CI 5. 1-13.6, P < 0.01). There was also a significant reduction in blood transfusion, TUR syndrome, and capsular perforation in the PVP group. At 12 months after surgery, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in the improvement of maximum urinary flow rate, IPSS, postvoid residual, and sexual function.

CONCLUSIONGreenLight 120-W laser PVP is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of BPH, with similar effectiveness to TURP but less blood loss, shorter time of catheterization and hospital stay, and lower incidences of blood transfusion, TUR syndrome and capsular perforation.

Blood Loss, Surgical ; Humans ; Laser Therapy ; adverse effects ; methods ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Prostate ; surgery ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; surgery ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Treatment Outcome