Breast cancer is a multistep process with abnormalities of some biomarkers.Knowledge of biomarkers can provide prognostic information in addition to the clinicopathologic factors,and is useful to carry out the indiviual treat- ment.In this review,we summarized the most recent work in the field of biological markers used for the prognosis,such as Her-2/neu,P53,BRCA1,Angiogenesis,LOH,et al

In Alzheimer's disease there is obvious evidence of insulin resistance in the brain. Thiazolidinediones,a kind of insulin sensitizer,not only improves insulin sensitivity,but also decreases inflammation,promotes release and clearance of?-amyloid protein,all are beneficial to the improvement of memory.

Objective To explore the management of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of lower limbs in patients with severe craniocerebral injury.Methods The clinical data of 9 patients of severe craniocerebral injury with DVT were analyzed respectively.Results All 9 patients were given medicine therapy including thrombolytic, anti coagulating, anti platelet aggregation and antibiotics. 3 cases were cured, 1 case was improved, 4 cases died and 1 case discharged by himself. Conclusion There are risk factors for DVT in patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Early prophylaxis is important. Early diagnosis and treatment are benefited.

Objective To compare three kinds of irradiation treatment plans for cervical and upper thoracic esophageal cancer,in order to arrived at proper decision for the patient.Methods From February 2001 to June 2004,43 such patients were studied with three different simulated treatment plans made including conformal plan,conventional four-field plan and conventional two-field plan for every one.All plans were evaluated with iso- dose curve and dose-volume histogram.Results GTV on 95% isodose curve was 99.5%,98.2% and 87.4% in conforaml plan,conventional four-field plan and conventional two-field plan,respectively;PTV_1 and PTV_2 on 95% isodose with 97.8%,97.2%,94.8% and 95.8%,86.6%,73.7%.The volume of＞20 Gy dose of left lung accepted was 18.6%,17.2% and 32.3%,in conformal plan,conventional four-field plan and conventional two-field plan,respectively;the right lung received 20.5%,19.9% and 35.5%.Conclusions Conformal plan is the best in radiotherapy,as it can provide ideal dose distribution of irradiated target with adequate protection of the normal tissues.Conventional four-field plan,being easy to carry out,can replace the conformal plan in most situations.Conventional two-field has the most uneven dose distribution and largest lung volume irradiated.

Antibodies, Monoclonal ; administration & dosage ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Cyclophosphamide ; administration & dosage ; Doxorubicin ; administration & dosage ; Female ; Humans ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Paclitaxel ; administration & dosage ; Receptor, ErbB-2 ; metabolism ; Trastuzumab

Objective To analyze the incidence and risk factors for regional nodal failure(RNF) and chest wall recurrence(CWR) in T1 or T2 breast cancer patients(median age 44 year-range 26-72) with 1-3 positive axillary nodes treated with postmastectomy radiotherapy limited to the regional nodes.Methods From 1990 to 1999,320 patients were treated with postmastectomy(radical or modified radical) radiother- apy confined to the supraclavicular and internal mammary nodes with a median dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks.The median number of nodes examined was 8 (range 1-24).The median lymph nods rate (LNR) was 25% (range 5%-100%).Results The 5-year overall survival rate and disease free survival rate was 89.7% and 83.4%,respectively.The 5-year RNF and CWR was 7.9% and 5.7%,respectively. The 5-year RNF in patients with LNR＜30% and≥30% was 4.4% and 14.0% (P=0.002).The 5-year CWR in the subgroups with LNR＜30% and≥30% was 3.5% and 9.6% (P=0.018).In age≤35 year eld patients with LNR≥30%,the 5-year RNF and CWR was 40.0% and 20.0%.In T2 patients with LNR≥30%,the 5-year RNF and CWR was 15.8% and 12.2%.Age and LNR were independent prognostic factors for RNF+CWR,LNR was the only independent prognostic factor for CWR by multivariate analysis. Conclusions In T1 or T2 breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive axiliary nodes treated with radical or modified radical mastectomy,a relatively high incidence of chest wall recurrence is observed in the subgroup of patients with lymph nods rate of 30% or greater accompanied by a T2 primary tumor or age≤35 years old. Lymph nodes rate is the only significant prognostic factor of chest wall recurrence.For these patients,post- operative lymphatic drainage area and chest wall irradiation should be considered.

OBJECTIVETo explore the effects of mifepristone on the growth of human gastric cancer cell line MKN-45 and its possible mechanisms.

METHODSIn situ hybridization was used to detect the expression of progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA in MKN-45 cells. Proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and the expression of Bcl-xL and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of MKN-45 cells incubated with various concentrations of mifepristone (1, 5, 10, and 20 micromol/L) were analyzed using MTT reduction assay, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. After transplantation of MKN-45 cells underneath the skin of athymic mice, mifepristone was administrated with the dose of 50 mg/(kg x d) for 6 weeks to evaluate the tumor growth. Apoptosis and the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in xenografted tumors were detected using transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining, respectively.

RESULTSPR mRNA was highly expressed in cultured MKN-45 cell. Mifepristone dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of MKN-45 cells, and the inhibitory rate was dramatically increased from 7.21% to 47.23%. The inhibitory effect was accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase, and with a concurrent decrease in the proportion of S- and G2M-phase cells and the proliferative index from 57.65% to 24.54%. Meanwhile, mifepristone down-regulated the expression of Bcl-xL and VEGF in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, mifepristone effectively inhibited the growth of xenografted tumors in nude mice (55.14% for inhibitory rate), induced apoptosis, and down-regulated PCNA expression in gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONMifepristone exerts significant growth inhibitory effects on PR-positive human MKN-45 gastric cancer cells via multiple mechanisms, and may be a beneficial agent against the tumor.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Down-Regulation ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Mifepristone ; pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Receptors, Progesterone ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Stomach Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo observe the effects of scorpion and centipede on interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 in the small intestinal mucosa and joint injury of rats with collagen induced arthritis (CIA).

METHODSSixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: the normal control group, the model group, the low dose scorpion and centipede group, the middle dose scorpion and centipede group, the high dose scorpion and centipede group, and the type II collagen treatment group. The joints' volume was measured 40 days after type II collagen (CII) induced rheumatoid arthritis model was established. The joint injury was observed by naked eyes. The expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in the small intestine tissue homogenate were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTSThe joint injury score and volume of two hind limbs were obviously higher in the model group than in the normal control group since the 23rd day (P < 0.01). Rats were accompanied with red, swollen, and deformed foot toes and ankle joints. Walking was even affected. Meanwhile, the joint injury score and volume of two hind limbs were obviously lowered by medicated with 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 g/kg scorpion and centipede, as well as CII on the 32nd day after medication (P <0.05, P < 0.01). The expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in the small intestine tissue homogenate were obviously lower in the model group than in the normal control group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, only the expression levels of IL-2 and IL-4 in the small intestine tissue homogenate of the high dose scorpion and centipede group and the type II collagen treatment group significantly increased. The expression level of IL-10 significantly increased in the high and middle dose scorpion and centipede groups, as well as the type II collagen treatment group, showing statistical difference (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSScorpion and centipede could effectively release the joint injury of rats with CIA. Its mechanism might be correlated with increased expression levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 in the small intestine mucosa.

Animals ; Arthritis, Experimental ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Interleukin-10 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-2 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-4 ; metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Intestine, Small ; metabolism ; Joints ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Scorpions

Objective To study the clinical features and prevention means of the infection caused by the highly dathogenic avian influenza A(H_5N_1).Method The clinical data which were confirmed to be an H_5N_1 infected case were analyzed retrospectively.Results The patient,16-year-old male,had no unambi guous history of direct contact with diseased or dead poultry before the onset of the disease.After the onset of the disease,chest X-ray showed flake shadow of the right lower lung quickly spread to the whole lung,associated with mediastinum,subcutaneous emphysema,acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)was occurred on the fifth day.Mechanical ventilation is the primary measure in the comprehensive treatment.On the sixth day,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention detected the pharyngeal specimen of the patient by RT - PCR,Real- time PCR method and suggested positive for the A/H5/N1 virus nucleic acid andis01ated the avian flu(H_5N_1) virus.The disease course was 10 days from onset of illness to death.Conclusions Human infection by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H_5N_1)is a deadly infectious disease.If the lesions is widespread and associated with ARDS,prognosis is poor.

Objective To investigate the effects of antihypertension and reversing left ventricular hypertro- phy by carvedilol or bisoprolol in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.Methods 40 cases of mild to moderate essential hypertension patients were selected for this random single-blind,paralleling controlled clinical study.Results Patients were randomized to take 12.5～25mg carvedilol tablet orlce daily or bisoprolol 2.5～5mg once daily if DBP was still in the range of 12.0～14.6kPa(90～110mmHg)after 2 weeks' placebo baseline. Carvedilol group included 20 cases,bisoprolol group included 20 cases,and the course was 24 weeks.Blood pressure and heart rate were measured and symptoms and signs were recorded.At the end of placebo and in 24 weeks heart ultrasound,blood routine,serum glucose,blood lipid,hepatic function and renal function were examined.SBP,DBP and heart rate of patients in two groups decreased obviously.There were significant differences between the two groups.Ventricular hypertrophy of carvedilol group improved than that in pretherapy.There were significant differ- ences between the two groups.Conclusion Carvedilol was well-tolerated with less side effects such as mild headache,tiredness,dizziness,slightly elevating of serum glucose.Carvedilol could well treat the mild moderate essen- tial hypertension effectively and safely by 12.5～25mg once daily.