Leydig cells are the major source of androgens in males. Stem cells can be induced to differentiate into androgen-secreting Leydig like cells, whose functions are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary, so that they precisely secret the necessary hormones to maintain physiological function. Therefore, the establishment of an effective protocol to induce the differentiation of stem cells into androgen-secreting cells is very helpful for the treatment of hypogonadism caused by abnormalities of Leydig cells. This review outlines the recent findings concerning the differentiation of stem cells into androgen-secreting cells.
Androgens ; secretion ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; therapy ; Hypothalamus ; physiology ; Male ; Pituitary Gland ; physiology ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; secretion

Four key attributes,position,rate,shape and force,are programs of pulse tracing put forward by ZHOU Xue-hai,a medical practitioner in late Qing dynasty.The essences of four key attributes are'images'of di erent levels.There are complex relationships between pulse tracing and position,rate,shape and force attributes,which include not only subordinate relationship and static-dynamic relationship between four attributes but double relationship between four attributes and pulse tracing.

Objective To design a fast method based on wavelet analysis for fMRI data. Methods Lifting wavelet decomposition instead of stationary wavelet decomposition was utilized to separate paradigm responsive signal and confound ones in fMRI data, while frequency analysis was used to find out the wavelet scales in which paradigm responsive signal existed, then reconstructed signal from these scales was subjected to correlation analysis for actived pixels. Results Analyzing visual fMRI data revealed that when the significant level was α＜10-6, the proposed method gave more sensitive results than correlation analysis, but process time decreased on a large scale compared with the one based on the stationary wavelet transform. At the mean time, the proposed method only used 24 timepoints of data for wavelet reconstruction while one based on stationary wavelet transform used 256 timepoints of data. Conclusion The proposed method is the fast one based on wavelet transform for analyzing fMRI data, which also gives an effective technique for compressing fMRI data.

[Objective]To compare the outcome and complication rates following nonoperative and those after ptate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicular fractures.[Method]Between March 2001 and December 2005,the data of 110 patients with a displaced midshaft fracture of clavicle were retrospective analyzed.Among them,62 patients were treated with plate fixation,including 53 male and 9 female patients aged 33.5 years old averagely.48 patients were treated with closed reduction and a figure-of-eight bandage applied,including 33 male and 15 female patients aged 33 years old averagely.Following enrollment in the study,the patients were seen at six weeks and at three,six,and twelve months.Assessment included standardized clinical evaluation,completion of the Constant shoulder score,complication and plain radiographs.Radiographic union was defined as complete cortical bridging between proximal and distal fragments on radiograph.[Result]All patients completed one year of follow-up.Constant shoulder score were significantly improved in the operative fixation group at all time-points(P

To explore the velocity difference between specifications and categories of liquid with the same pressure infusion bag in order to widen the specification range of the liquid for pressure infusion. Pressure infu-sion experiments were performed with three specifications of normal saline of 100, 250 and 500 ml to compare the veloci-ties of different specifications of liquid, and with 500 ml normal saline, (5%, 10% and 50%) glucose injection, 5% glu-cose and sodium chloride injection, 5% sodium bicarbonate injection, 10% fructose injection, 706 plasma substitute, 20%mannitol injection and etc to make clear the velocities of different categories of liquid. With the same pressure, there were no significant differences between the velocities of three specifications of liquid, and between those of cate-gories of liquid with the same specification and concentration; the difference was significant between the same category of liquid with different concentrations, and the velocity showed a negative correlation with the concentration. The pressure infusion bag is compatible with 100, 250 and 500 ml liquid, and the velocity may be constant in case some specification of liquid is replaced by another one. The velocity has to be regulated in case the concentration or category of the liquid changes, when the pressure infusion is performed.

Objective To discuss the clinical value of high-quality nursing care applicated in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.Methods 70 patients with pancreatic cancer were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,35 cases in each group.The control group was given routine nursing measures.The obser-vation group received high-quality nursing care on the basis of routine nursing measures.The hospitalization time, satisfaction degree,treatment compliance and mentality were observed.Results The hospitalization time of the obser-vation group was (33.2 ±6.5)days,which was significantly shorter than (44.5 ±10.3)days of the control group(t=5.269,P<0.05).The satisfaction degree of the observation group was 97.14%,which was significantly lower than 77.12%of the control group (χ2 =8.254, P <0.05 ) .The treatment compliance of the observation group was 94.29%,which was significantly lower than 71.43% of the control group(χ2 =8.323,P<0.05).The SAS,SDS scores of the observation group were (39.71 ±5.22)points,(41.36 ±5.41)points,respectively,which were signifi-cantly lower than (48.98 ±5.56)points,(47.72 ±5.76)points of the control group(t =9.336,8.544,all P<0.05).Conclusion High-quality nursing care can significantly improve the postoperative anxiety and depression, and improve the quality of life of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.

Objective To study the clinical features of the variants of benign childhood epilepsy with central temporal spikes (BECT).Methods The clinical data of 12 hospitalized pediatric patients with BECT from Jan 2007 to Jan 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Results There were 7 boys and 5 girls in 12 patients. The age of onset was from 3 to 9 years old. Two cases were dizygotic twins. The atypical symptoms included atypical absence of 10 cases, negative myoclonic seizure of 8 cases, speech expression disorders and oral-pharynx apraxia of 4 cases. The electroencephalography (EEG) of all 12 patients showed abundance of spike and waves (SW) in rolandic areas during wake-up and sleep. The SW index was 50%-85% during slow sleep in all patients.Conclusions The variants of BECT are often associated with EEG deterioration. Understanding the clinical featuress and EEG characteristics can help the diagnosis of BECT variants.

Objective To analyze the potential etiologies and risk factors of childhood stroke. Methods This study retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 159 children who were admitted from Jan.2006 to Jan.2014. Results The 159 children were composed of 100 boys and 59 girls , with median onset age of 1.8 years (ranged from 1 day to 12 years old) and median peak age of 0.9 years (ranged from 3 months to 2.8 years old). Their initial symptoms included limb hemiplegia,language dififculties and convulsion. The common causes included infections found in 46 cases (central nervous system infection in 32 cases, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infection in 14 case), head injury in 42 cases, vitamin K deifciency in 29 cases, Moyamoya disease in 8 cases, heart diseases in 11 cases, spontaneous hemorrhage in 11 cases and 12 cases of unknown reason. Infectious diseases were the most common cause of children acute ischemic stroke in toddler period;and vitamin K1 deifciency were the most common cause of children hemorrhage stroke in infancy. The most common region of infarction is basal ganglia and middle cerebral artery in neuronal imaging. The median age at the time of diagnosis was 1.4 days. The median time of inhospital was 28 days. The median apex time was 4.3 days. Conclusions Among 159 cases, acute ischemic stroke is much more common than hemorrhagic stroke in children stroke, and the major risk factors are infections and head injury;Vitamin K1 deifciency is a major risk factor in infants with hemorrhagic stroke.

Breast cancer is a multistep process with abnormalities of some biomarkers.Knowledge of biomarkers can provide prognostic information in addition to the clinicopathologic factors,and is useful to carry out the indiviual treat- ment.In this review,we summarized the most recent work in the field of biological markers used for the prognosis,such as Her-2/neu,P53,BRCA1,Angiogenesis,LOH,et al

Objective To summarize the experience of long-term survival of the patients under- going orthotopic heart transplantation.Methods Heart transplantation was performed on 2 cases of dilated cardiomyopathy and one case of Keshan disease.Before operation,pulmonary artery pressure was 42-53 mm Hg(5.60-7.07 kPa)and pulmonary vascular resistance 5.6-7.0 wood.The body weight difference between donors and receptors was 10%-15%.There were three same antigens in HLA zygosity experiment for all of three patients.Two cases were subjected to standard heart trans- plantation and one case to whole heart transplantation.All the atriums and big vessels were sutured by evting suture method.Cyclosporin A,azathioprine and corticosteroid were used to prevent patients from rejection.Results Survival time of 3 patients was 13 years and 10 months,12 years and 10 years and 3 months.Heart functions of three patients were NYHAⅠand all of 3 patients are living and working commonly.Six,3 and 1 rejection(s)occurred in 3 patients respectively and cured by appro- priate treatment.Electrocardiogram revealed that case 1 and case 2 had two P waves and case 3 sinus rhythm.Ultrasonic cardiogram showed that in case 1 and case 2,the left and right atriums were enlarged and tricuspid valve had slight backstreaming,and in case 3,all of the cardiac chambers were normal and had no backstreaming of tricuspid valve and mitral valve.No abnormal findings were found in 3 cases by 4-9 times of coronary arteriongraphy.Conclusion The important factors for the patients' long-term survival after heart transplantation include the choice of appropriate donors and acceptors, protection of donors' hearts,selection of appropriate operations and suture methods,rational use of im- munosuppressants and prevention of cardiac allograft vasculopathy.