Coronary Restenosis ; metabolism ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Humans ; Osteopontin ; metabolism

Microwaves can be directly transformed into heat inside materials because of their ability of penetrating into any substance. The degree that materials are heated depends on their dielectric properties. Materials with high dielectric loss are more easily to reach a resonant state by microwaves field, then microwaves can be absorbed efficiently. Microwave irradiation technique with the unique heating mechanisms could induce drug-polymer interaction and change the properties of dissolution. Many benefits such as improving product quality, increasing energy efficiency and reducing times can be obtained by microwaves. This paper summarized characteristics of the microwave irradiation technique, new preparation techniques and formulation process in pharmaceutical industry by microwave irradiation technology. The microwave technology provides a new clue for heating and drying in the field of pharmaceutics.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Drug Discovery ; instrumentation ; methods ; Microwaves ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical outcome of one stage posteroanterior decompression and bone implant in the treatment of severe lower cervical spinal bony canal stenosis. Methods The study involved 29 patients with severe lower cervical spinal bony canal stenosis treated with one stage posteroanterior decompression and bone implant from April 2006 to March 2009. There were 11 patients with old fractures, seven with posterior longitudinal ligament ossification and 11 with cervical disc calcification. The course of disease ranged from 2 months to 3.2 years, average 1.4 years. The nerve function was rated as grade B in two patients, grade C in 19 and grade D in eight according to Frankel scale. The average Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was 9.8. ResultsAll patients were followed up for 7-28 months (average 15.2 months), which showed bony fusion five months after operation, with fusion rate of 100％. The Frankel grade was increased for average 1.2 grades and the nervous symptoms alleviated remarkably. Mean postoperative JOA score was 13.8 and increased for mean 4.0, with mean amehoration rate of 55.6％. ConclusionsOne stage posteroanterior decompression and bone implant is a safe and effective method for treatment of lower cervical spinal bony canal stenosis, when the intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring can assure the operative safety.

Objective - （ ） To investigate the effects of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 NRF2 on the oxidative stress （ ） Methods ） ，， induced by trichloromethane TCM in human normal hepatocyte L02 cells. i L02 cells were stimulated with 1 2 ， ， ， （ ）， 4 8 12 16 and 20 mmol/L TCM solution dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and the control group and blank group were set ， - ， up. After culturing for 24 hours the cell viability was detected by CCK 8 colorimetric method and the concentration of TCM ） -， - stimulation was screened. ii L02 cells in logarithmic growth phase were randomly divided into control group and low medium - ， ， ， and high dose groups. After 24 hours of exposure to 0 4 8 and 12 mmol/L TCM the cells were collected. The activity of （ ）， （ ）， （ - ） （ ） superoxide dismutase SOD catalase CAT glutathione peroxidase GSH Px and the level of malondialdehyde MDA NRF2， - （HO-1）， were detected by colorimetric analysis. The mRNA expression levels of heme oxygenase 1 glutamate cysteine （GCLC） （） （NQO1） - ligase catalytic subunit and NAD P H quinone dehydrogenase 1 were detected by real time fluorescence ， - ， polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of NRF2 HO 1 GCLC and NQO1 were detected by Western blotting.Results ） ， ， ， ， i When the concentration of TCM was 4 8 12 16 and 20 mmol/L the survival rate of L02 cells decreased （ P ） ， ， significantly compared with the control group all <0.05 . The concentration of 0 4 8 and 12 mmol/L were selected as the ） ， - stimulation doses for subsequent experiments. ii Compared with the control group the activities of SOD and GSH Px in L02 （ P ） （ P ）， - cells in the three doses groups decreased all <0.05 and the levels of MAD increased all <0.05 with a dose effect - （P ）， relationship. The CAT activity of L02 cells in the medium dose group was lower than that in the control group <0.05 and the - （ P ） CAT activity of L02 cells in the high dose group was lower than that in the others three groups all <0.05 . Compared with the ， NRF2 - （P ），NRF2 control group the relative expression levels of mRNA in L02 cells in the low dose group decreased <0.05 - （P ）， NRF2 mRNA in L02 cells in the medium dose group increased <0.05 mRNA and NRF2 protein expression in L02 cells in （ P ） HO-1，GCLC， NQO1 ， the highdose group increased both <0.05 . The relative expression level of mRNA and GCLC NQO1 （ P ） protein expression in L02 cells in the three doses groups increased compared with the control group all <0.05 . The relative NRF2 - - - expression level of mRNA in L02 cells in the high dose group was higher than that in the low and medium dose groups （ P ）， - （P ）， both <0.05 and the relative expression of NRF2 protein was higher than that in the low dose group <0.05 but the HO-1 GCLC - - （ relative expression levels of and mRNA and HO 1 protein level were lower than those in the medium dose group all P ）Conclusion - <0.05 . TCM exposure can inhibit the proliferation of L02 cells by inducing oxidative stress with a dose effect ， relationship. In this process the antioxidant mechanism mediated by NRF2 was activated. The expression of antioxidant defense ， - ， and detoxification related target genes downstream of NRF2 signaling pathway was activated and the expression of HO 1 - GCLC and NQO1 was up regulated to alleviate the oxidative damage caused by TCM.

Objective To investigate the causes,consequences and management of injuries to the draining veins after embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations(BAVMs)with ?-n-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA).Methods The angiographic imaging data of 189 BAVMs patients who underwent NBCA embolization were studied retrospectively.The status of the draining veins before and after NBCA embolization was observed and compared.The intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)complications and their relation to their angiographic features were analyzed.Results Twenty-three patients out of 189 patients showed injuries to the draining venous system,including 10 low-grade injury,6 moderate injury,and 7 high- grade injury.Six patients suffered from ICH after embolization,of whom 4 patients were due to injuries of the draining veins(2 moderate and 2 high-grade).In the 3 months follow-up evaluation of 4 patients with ICH, one died,one was in vegetative state,and the other two patients suffered from residual severe or minor (1 patient for each)permanent neurological deficits.Conclusion Our findings suggest that injury of the draining veins is the major cause of ICH and may lead to serious consequences after embolization of BAVMs with NBCA.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of Bushen Huoxue Fang (BSHX) on the apoptosis of epithelial cells in the prostatic ductal system of rats with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its possible action mechanism.

METHODSOne hundred 3- month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of equal number (control, castrated, BPH model, and BSHX). BPH models were made by subcutaneous injection of testosterone following castration; the rats in the BSHX group were treated intragastrically with BSHX at 2.34 g/ml after modeling, while those in the other two groups with equal volume of saline, all for 37 days. On the 38th day, all the rats were sacrificed and their prostates harvested for detection of the distribution of TGF-beta1 and alpha-actin and the count of positive cells in the prostatic ductal system by immunohistochemical staining. The apoptosis rate of epithelial cells in the prostatic ductal system was determined by TUNEL assay.

RESULTSThe expression of TGF-beta1 was significantly increased in the rats of the BSHX group as compared with the BPH models in both the proximal prostatic duct ([15.28 +/- 4.30]% vs [36.42 +/- 8.10]%, P < 0.01) and the distal prostatic duct ([4.42 +/- 2.07]% vs [8.71 +/- 2.28 ]%, P < 0.05), while the expression of alpha-actin in the proximal duct was remarkably higher in the BSHX-treated rats than in the models ([28.14 +/- 7.43]% vs [18.28 +/- 4.07]%, P < 0.01), but lower than in the control animals ([33.57 +/- 6.85]%, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the BPH models and BSHX-treated rats both exhibited markedly decreased apoptosis of epithelial cells in the proximal prostatic duct ([39.42 +/- 9.20]% vs [3.86 +/- 1.34]%, P < 0.01, and [31.14 +/- 5.64]%, P < 0.01) and distal prostatic duct ([17.60 +/- 4.86]% vs [3.07 +/- 1.14]%, P < 0.01, and [12.37 +/- 2.25]%, P < 0.05). The apoptosis rate of epithelial cells in the prostatic ductal system was significantly higher in the BSHX-treated rats than in the BPH models (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONBy upregulating the expression of TGF-beta, BSHX can suppress the reduction of smooth muscle cells in the proximal prostatic duct, promote the apoptosis of prostatic epithelial cells, and thus effectively inhibit benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Actins ; metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells ; drug effects ; pathology ; Male ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo clarify drug properties of components in Euodiae Fructus.

METHODThe rat cold syndrome model was induced by cold water stress method. The content of neurotransmitters sand hormones such as DA, 5-HT, NE, AChE and 17-OHCS in serum of model rats were taken as the indexes to evaluate drug properties of components in Euodiae Fructus.

RESULTEuodiae Fructus and its components could correct or relief the content of energy metabolism and substance metabolism-related neurotransmitters sand hormones in serum of model rats with water-stressed cold syndrome.

CONCLUSIONEuodiae Fructus and its components are proved to show hot property.

Animals ; Cold Temperature ; adverse effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; drug effects ; pathology ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; blood ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Stomach Ulcer ; blood ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Stress, Physiological

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of water extracts of Coptidis Rhizoma and Evodiae Fructus (CREF) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human gastric carcinoma cells (SGC-7901) and determine the optimal proportion of Coptidis rhizoma to Evodiae fructus.

METHODSThe growth inhibition of SGC-7901 cells treated with the water extracts of CREF of varying proportions was tested with MTT assay. The cell apoptotic rate and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed with flow cytometry.

RESULTSThe water extract of CREF with Coptidis Rhizoma: Evodiae Fructus proportions at 1:6, 2:5, 3:4, 4:3, 5:2, and 6:1 all significantly inhibited the growth of SGC-7901 cells after a 24-h or 48-h treatment (P<0.05). The growth inhibition and cell death ratio both exhibited a dose-dependent pattern of Coptidis Rhizoma. Flow cytometry analysis showed that, after treatment of the cells with CREF at the proportions of 1:6, 2:5, 3:4, 4:3, 5:2, and 6:1, the apoptotic rate were (8.50 ∓ 1.59)%, (9.90 ∓ 1.01)%, (17.15∓1.68)%, (21.55 ∓ 1.97)%, (34.10 ∓ 1.06)% and (34.40 ∓ 1.02)%, respectively, all significantly higher than that in the control group [(1.69 ∓ 1.91)%, P<0.05]. JC-1 Kit staining showed that mitochondrial membrane potential of SGC-7901 cells was decreased and the ratio of green to red fluorescence increased significantly after incubation with CREF.

CONCLUSIONCREF can inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells, and the strongest effect is achieved at the optimal proportion of Coptidis Rhizoma and Evodiae Fructus at 6:1.

Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; pharmacology ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drug Compounding ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Evodia ; chemistry ; Humans ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; Female ; Femoral Neck Fractures ; therapy ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the toxicity of chicken calamus keratin (CCK) conduit as a tissue-engineered scaffold material.

METHODSThe chemical composition of the leaching solution of CCK was determined by means of ultraviolet spectrometry, and the toxic effects of the solution was evaluated by skin sensitization test in rats, intracutaneous stimulation test in rabbits, acute systemic toxicity test in mice, and cytotoxicity test in L929 cells.

RESULTSThe leaching solution of CCK consisted mainly of middle-molecular-weight peptides with a small quantity of macromolecular proteins. Skin sensitization test in rats showed that application of the CCK leaching solution caused no obvious skin reddening, regional edema, or skin necrosis. Intracutaneous injection of the leaching solution in rabbits did not induce obvious skin stimulation manifested by intradermal erythema or edema. In acute systemic toxic test, administration of the leaching solution in mice caused no death, organ dysfunction, cyanosis, tremor, severe peritoneal irritation, ptosis, or dyspnoea. In vitro cytotoxicity test indicated that the cell toxicity of the CCK leaching solution was approximately at 0 level.

CONCLUSIONCCK contained in the treated chicken calamus easily undergoes hydrolysis to release mainly some peptides which do not induce obvious toxic effects, suggesting the safe potential applications of CCK conduit as a tissue-engineering biomaterial.

Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Chickens ; Feathers ; chemistry ; Female ; Keratins ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Male ; Mice ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Skin Irritancy Tests ; Solutions ; Tissue Engineering ; Tissue Scaffolds ; chemistry ; Toxicity Tests ; methods