Leydig cells are the major source of androgens in males. Stem cells can be induced to differentiate into androgen-secreting Leydig like cells, whose functions are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary, so that they precisely secret the necessary hormones to maintain physiological function. Therefore, the establishment of an effective protocol to induce the differentiation of stem cells into androgen-secreting cells is very helpful for the treatment of hypogonadism caused by abnormalities of Leydig cells. This review outlines the recent findings concerning the differentiation of stem cells into androgen-secreting cells.
Androgens ; secretion ; Cell Differentiation ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; therapy ; Hypothalamus ; physiology ; Male ; Pituitary Gland ; physiology ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; secretion

Androgen deprivation therapy can effectively suppress the progression of prostate cancer, but accumulating evidence for the relationship of testosterone with prostate cancer challenges the conventional wisdom. High levels of testosterone are not risk factors for prostate cancer, nor promote its development. On the contrary, a low testosterone level indicates a worse pathological stage. So far there has been no strong evidence to prove the role of testosterone in the occurrence and progression of prostate cancer. Therefore, the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer is quite complicated and deserves further investigation.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Testosterone

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Laryngeal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Muscle Tissue ; diagnosis ; surgery

Peliosis hepatis is a rare benign hepatic vascular disease.There is the lack of specific clinical features and preoperative diagnosis.A patient with intermittent liver area pain was admitted to the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin in April 2014.The patient with space-occupying lessions of the right lobe of liver was preliminarily diagnosed as with hepatocellular tumor or vasogenic tumor by computed tomography and B ultrasound examinations and then received liver resection combined with cholecystectomy.The result of postoperative pathological examination confirmed peliosis hepatis with adenomatous hyperplasia of liver cells.The patient was followed up till October 20,2014 without recurrence.

Shan Qi soy has busting bags, bacteria sum overproof, continue acidification and other problems occasionally during the storage. It's probably caused by the Lactobacillus continue growth in the soy. We tried expounding the relationship between growth and producing acid when Lactobacillus growing in the thin fermented material.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the etiological agent of Por- cine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome. We summarized the recent research progress on molecular bi- ology of PRRSV including the structure of genome, viral structural and Non-structural protein.

Cutaneous Fistula ; Digestive System Abnormalities ; therapy ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To research the infections of respiratory syneytial virus(RSV)in children with respiratory tract inflammation and define its molecular epidemic features in Urumchi.Methods SamDles were collected from November 2006 to April 2007 in the People's General Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,including 112 respiratory secretions and 280 nasopharyngeal swabs. RSV and its subgroups were detected by nested PCR.The five positive amplicons selected randomly from all positive samples were sequenced and compared with other RSV in GenBank by BLAST and DNAStar.Results of all 392specimens.68 RSV G gene segments were tested.Among them,RSV lineage A occupied 93.3%,while B occuDied 6.7%.The identities between them were 63.1%-99.4%.Phylogenetic analysis defined that they belonged to two different clusters.Conclusion RSV was one of the important viruses leading to children's respiratory tract infections in the People's General Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during winter and spring from 2006 to 2007.RSV subtype A was the prevalent genotype in the hospital dunng this epidemics.

AIM :To investigate the association of primary open-glaucoma (POAG), intraocular pressure (IOP) and systemic blood pressure in a rural population aged 50 years old or above in Shaanxi Province, China.METHODS: In the population-based, cross-sectional study, 1 775 (83.53%) residents, aged 50 years old or above, from 3 counties of Shaanxi Province, China, undertook an interview with a standard questionnaire and a detailed eye examination, including logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry and dilated fundus examination. Two blood pressure reading in the sitting position were taken. Gonioscopy was performed if a narrower peripheral anterior chamber (less than one fourth of the corneal thickness) was indicated. Automated visual field testing was performed by participants assessed to have suspicion of glaucomatous disc damage or if IOP was 22mmHg or higher.RESULTS: IOP significantly correlated with systemic blood pressure, and both IOP and systolic blood pressure increased significantly with increasing age. No association between POAG and hypertension was found. The frequency of POAG increased significantly with lower diastolic perfusion pressure.CONCLUSION: Data in our study are accordance with those reported in other population-based studies, and confirm that lower diastolic perfusion pressure is a significant risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma.

AIM: To assess the prevalence and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a rural population in Shaanxi Province of China.METHODS: A total of 2 835 (81.00%) people aged 40 years old or more, from Fuping county, Jingbian county and Yang county of Shaanxi Province, China, underwent a comprehensive interview and a relative eye examination. The present of AMD was classified into neovascular AMD (NV) and pure geographic atrophy (GA) by using direct ophthalmoscopy for fundus examination according to International Classification System.RESULTS: The prevalence (95% CI) of AMD was 3.00% (2.42, 3.71) in this population, of which NV accounted for 1.45% (1.05, 1.98) and 1.55% (1.14, 2.10)for GA. The prevalence of AMD increased significantly with increasing age (P ＜0.001). AMD was present in 0.47% of participants aged 40 to 49 years, rising to 11.90% of participants older than 80 years, of which the corresponding data increased from 0.28% to 4.76% for NV and from 0.19% to 7.14% for GA. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of NA and GA between genders in this population. With multiple logistic analyses, apart from advancing age, only smoking was found to have a strong association with any type of AMD.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of AMD in the rural population of Shaanxi Province of China is lower than that reported from other population-based studies in different provinces of China, less than that reported in whites, more than that reported in blacks. Except increasing age, smoking is also a significant well-known risk factor for AMD.