Objective To analyze the incidence, clinical feature and late complications, and treatment for diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Methods Ninty children with type 1 diabetes mellitus within 10 years were retrospectively reviewed.The onset situation,clinical feature and long-term complication,and treatment of DKA were analized.Results High morbidity was found in 10 to 16 years old children.DKA was often caused by infection; late complications of diabetes mellitus was resulted from interrupted injection of insulin.Conclusions Emergency treatment for DKA may involve the injection of small dose insulin,correction of the disorder of water and electrolysis and regulation of acid-base.The education of patients and parents about diabetes mellitus and long-term injection of insulin are of importance in preventing the complications.

Objective To investigate the influence of high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU) ablation therapy on pregnancy outcomes in the patients with adenomyosis(AM).Methods Twenty patients with AM and successful pregnancy after HIFU ablation in Chongqing Haifu Hospital from April 2011 to February 2016 were selected.Their pregnancy and delivery situation were retrospectively analyzed.Results After HIFU treatment,the symptoms of dymenorrhea and menorrhagia were significantly improved compared with before operation(P＜0.05).The average fertilization time after HIFU was(8.75 ± 6.23) months,among them 11 cases succeeded in delivery,5 cases had spontaneous abortion,1 case was ectopic pregnancy,1 case took artificial abortion and 2 cases were still in pregnant period all cases had no uterime rupture during pregnant or delivery period.Neonateswere healthy.Conclusion HIFU ablation is an effective mode for treating AM and can be used in the patients with AM and birth demand.

Objective To analyze the results of treatment of complicated tibial plateau fractures with open reduction and internal fixation with bilateral plates .Methods 29 elder patients with C type tibial platform fractures underwent internal fixation with bilat-eral plates and bone grafting .Fixation with bilateral plates was performed during operation with dynamic compression plate or 1/3 Tubular steel plate placed medially and the dissection plate or LISS system ones inserted laterally after the underlying separation . Meanwhile ,sufficient bone grafting during operation could effectively support reduction of articular surface .Results All patients were followed up of an average of 13 .8 ± 2 .43 months .According to Rasmussen score standard ,the excellent and good rate was 82 .7% .There was significant difference of TPA and PA between postoperation and postoperation one year later .Conclusion It is a simple and effective method to treat complicated elder tibial platform fractures with bilateral plates .It will improve the effect and re-duce complications significantly to perform sufficient bone grafting intraoperatively ,and make the drainage unobstructed and do the early functional exercises postoperatively .

Aurantii Fructus is the dried and immature fruit of Citrus aurantium and its cultivars. To investigate the chemical constituents of Aurantii Fructus, the separation and purification of constituents were performed by column chromatography on silica gel LH-20, HW-40, ODS, PHPLC and PTLC. Fourteen flavonoids, including four flavone glycosides and ten polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) were isolated from the EtOAc fraction and Petroleum ether fraction of Aurantii Fructus and their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data (NMR and MS) as (2R) -and (2S)-6"-O-acetylprunin (1,2), naringenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranside (3), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8,3'-dimethoxyflavone-3-O-6"-(3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaroyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), 4'-hydroxy-5,6, 7-trimethoxyflavone (5), natsudaidain (6), nobiletin (7), sinensetin (8), 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (9), 5,7,8,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (10), 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone (11), tangeretin (12), 5-demethyl nobiletin (13), and 5-hydroxy-6,7,3', 4'-tetramethoxyflavone (14). Compound 3-5 s were isolated from this plant for the first time and compound 1 was a new one.
Citrus ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; Molecular Structure

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of phenformin hydrochloride that may be illegally added in traditional Chinese medicine preparations on the pharmacokinetics of puerarin in rats.

METHODRats were randomly divided into the single pueraria group and the phenformin hydrochloride combined with pueraria group. After oral administration in the two groups, their bloods were sampled at different time points to determine the drug concentration of puerarin in rat blood and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters.

RESULTAfter oral administration with pueraria extracts and phenformin hydrochloride combined with pueraria extracts, the two groups showed main pharmacokinetic parameters as follows: Cmax were (2.39 +/- 1.01), (1.03 +/- 0.35) mg x L(-1), respectively; Tmax were (0.50 +/- 0.09), (1.5 +/- 0.5) h, respectively; Ke were (0.153 +/- 0.028), (0.172 +/- 0.042) h(-1), respectively; t(1/2) were (4.65 +/- 0.86), (4.20 +/- 0.81) h, respectively; AUC(0-t), were (5.73 +/- 2.60), (5.45 +/- 1.81) mg x h x L(-1), respectively; AUC(0-infinity) were (6.72 +/- 2.89), (6.26 +/- 1.88) mg x h x L(-1), respectively. Compared with the single puerarin group, the Cmax was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and the Tmax was markedly longer (P < 0.01) than the hydrochloride combined with pueraria group.

CONCLUSIONPhenformin hydrochloride can slow down the absorption process of puerarin and change the pharmacokinetic process of puerarin to some extent.

Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Drug Interactions ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Isoflavones ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Phenformin ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Vasodilator Agents ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of a self-made guiding needle of steel wire in guiding the wire through the tibial tunnel for the treatment of avulsion fractures of tibial posterior cruciate ligament with open reduction and wire fixation.

METHODSFrom February 2011 to June 2014, a total of 22 patients with avulsion fractures of tibial posterior cruciate ligament underwent surgical treatments were analyzed, including 14 males and 8 females with an average age of 35.6 years old (ranged, 17 to 63 years old). According to Meyers classification, 9 patients were classified as type II, 13 patients were classified as type III. All the patients underwent open reduction and wire fixation with medial knee "L" shape approach. A wire guiding needle was used to guide the wire through the tibial tunnel during operation.

RESULTSWith the assistance of wire guidance needles, wires passed through the tibial tunnel rapidly during the operation in all the 22 patients. All the patients were followed up, X-ray imagings 6 months after operation showed the fractures healed well. The average follow-up time in all patients was 6 months (ranged, 6 to 12 months). The averaged Lysholm knee score in 22 knee was 92.7 +/- 3.4. All patients' posterior drawer test were negative.

CONCLUSIONSelf-made wire guiding needle can simplify the operation procedures in which the wires pass through the tibial tunnel, shorten the operation time, reduce the surgical trauma and complications, and be worthy of clinical application.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone Wires ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament ; injuries ; surgery ; Tibia ; injuries ; surgery ; Tibial Fractures ; surgery ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility of posterior fixation with 3.5-mm pedicle screws in the atlantoaxial vertebrae of children.

METHODSIn this study, atlantoaxial vertebrae specimens were obtained from 10 cadavers of children aged 6-8 years. We measured the height and width of the C(1) pedicle and the midportion of C(1) lateral mass; the width of C(1) posterior arch under the vertebral artery groove and the height of the external and internal one-third of this part; the external, internal height and the superior, middle, inferior width of the C(2) pedicle (transverse foramen). Furthermore, computed tomography (CT) axial scan was performed on 20 age-matched volunteers to obtain relative data of their atlantoaxial vertebrae. We measured the length and width of the C(1) and C(2) pedicles in the atlantoaxial cross-sectional plane. On CT workstation, we also measured the angles between the longitudinal axes of the atlantoaxial pedicles and the midsagittal plane.

RESULTSFor the cadaveric specimen group, the height and width of the C1 pedicle were (5.26+/-0.44) mm and (6.26+/-0.75) mm respectively. The height of the medial one-third of the C1 posterior arch under the vertebral artery groove was (4.07+/-0.24) mm. The external, internal height and superior, middle, inferior width of the C2 pedicle was (6.86+/-0.48) mm, (6.67+/-0.49) mm, (6.63+/-0.61) mm, (5.41+/-0.39) mm and (3.71+/-0.30) mm, respectively. For the volunteer group measured by CT scan, the height and width of the C(1) pedicle were (5.47+/-0.34) mm and (6.63+/-0.54) mm respectively, while (6.59+/-0.51) mm and (5.13+/-0.42) mm of the C2 pedicle. The angles between the atlas, axis pedicles and the midsagittal plane were (9.60+/-1.32) degree and (27.80+/-2.22) degree respectively.

CONCLUSIONIt is feasible to place a 3.5-mm pedicle screw in the C(1) and C(2) pedicles of children aged 6-8 years old.

Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Bone Screws ; Cervical Atlas ; anatomy & histology ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Child ; Humans ; Radiography

OBJECTIVETo investigate the epidemiological and clinical features of calicivirus-associated diarrhea in hospitalized children in Chengdu, China in recent years.

METHODSThe clinical data of 267 children with calicivirus-associated diarrhea aged <5 years who were hospitalized in Chengdu Women and Children's Central Hospital (the only sentinel hospital for sample collection of pediatric viral diarrhea in Chengdu, Sichuan) between January 2012 and December 2014 were retrospectively studied.

RESULTSAmong the 267 children, 200 (74.9%) were aged less than 1 year. The infection rate of calicivirus was 28.4%, 21.6%, and 27.1% in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. Calicivirus was prevalent in summer and autumn (August to October). The detection rate of Norovirus II was 85.8% (229/267), and 244 children (91.4%) experienced an acute clinical course. Watery stool was the most common change in stool properties (82.0%, 219 children), and some specimens showed mucus and/or blood. Most children had moderate to severe fever. One hundred and thirty-eight children (53.9%) experienced a reduced serum prealbumin level. One hundred and fifty-nine children (59.6%) experienced flora imbalance.

CONCLUSIONSCalicivirus has become one of the major pathogens for diarrhea in children aged <5 years in Chengdu, with Norovirus II as the dominant strain. Calicivirus is prevalent in summer and autumn. Infants aged <1 year are the main population affected by calicivirus-associated diarrhea, with watery stool as the most common manifestation.

Adolescent ; Caliciviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo develop an effective method for screening recombinant hairpin RNA expression plasmids using single restriction endonuclease analysis.

METHODSThe double-strand DNA fragment containing a ClaI site (the flanking sequences of which were not complementary) was annealed and ligated into small hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector pSilencer-4.1 that did not contain ClaI site to construct the circular pSilencer-4.1-ClaI vector. With BamHI and HindIII, the pSilencer-4.1-ClaIwas digested and ligated with the DNA template of green fluorescence protein (GFP) shRNA that did not include a ClaI site. The plasmid DNA of the positive clones was extracted and digested with ClaI, and the inserted DNA sequence of the non-linearized plasmid was identified by sequence analysis.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONDNA sequencing showed that pSilencer-4.1-ClaI was correctly constructed and the plasmids resistant to ClaI digestion were all recombinant vectors encoding GFP shRNA. The constructed pSilencer-4.1-ClaI can be used as a universal vector to construct the shRNA expression plasmid, and the incorporated ClaI sites may allow efficient screening of recombinant shRNA expression vectors.

Base Sequence ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Engineering ; methods ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; Inverted Repeat Sequences ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plasmids ; genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Restriction Mapping ; methods ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVESTo investigate whether the association between low birth weight and increased risk of developing premature adrenarche, adrenal hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance is apparent in prepubertal girls born small for gestational age (SGA) and analyze when adrenarche occurs in SGA infants and normal birth weight girls.

METHODSThe study was performed in 39 prepubertal SGA girls with a mean age of 7.4 +/- 1.7 years and 42 prepubertal appropriate for gestational age (AGA) girls with a mean age of 7.4 +/- 1.7 years served as controls. All children were born at term and were prepubertal. Detailed physical examination was performed for all the children after 12 h of overnight fasting. Blood samples were taken for the measurement of fasting glucose (FPG), insulin (FIns), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), cortisol and estradiol concentrations. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by insulin sensitivity index [IAI = log(e) (FPG x FIns)].

RESULTThere was no premature adrenarche in SGA and AGA groups. Birth weight was significantly lower in SGA group (P < 0.001). Gestational age was similar in both groups. At the time of the study, the ages, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, cortisol and estradiol did not significantly differ between the two groups. But body height and weight were significantly lower in the SGA group (P < 0.05 for both). The fasting plasma insulin in the SGA group was higher than that in AGA group (common logarithmic transformation: 1.076 +/- 0.041 vs. 1.050 +/- 0.051, P < 0.05). The insulin sensitivity index was not significantly different between the two groups (-4.0165 +/- 0.1761 vs. -3.9768 +/- 0.2314). The serum DHEAS was significantly higher in SGA children than in AGA children (common logarithmic transformation: 2.637 +/- 0.271 vs. 2.514 +/- 0.250, P < 0.05). From about age 7 the concentration of DHEAS had a gradual rise in AGA children. The time of DHEAS rise tended to be earlier in SGA children compared with AGA children.

CONCLUSIONSAdrenarche commences at approximately 7 years of age in AGA girls. The time of adrenarche tended to be earlier in SGA girls compared with AGA girls. There were adrenal hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinism in prepubertal girls born small for gestational age. But there was no insulin resistance as assessed by insulin sensitivity index.

Body Size ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Small for Gestational Age ; Insulin ; blood ; Insulin Resistance ; Puberty ; physiology ; Risk Factors