Background Orthokeratology has been proved to temporarily alter the equivalent sphere,but its effects on visual quality deserve attention.Objective The present study was to investigate the visual quality after overnight orthokeratology in pre-adolescent myopes.Methods Written informed consent was obtained form each subject prior to entering into this series.A descriptive study design was used.One hundred and fifty eyes of 76 teenagers aged (14.90± 1.24)years with low and moderate myopia (-2.79 ± 0.82)D were included in the study.Fitted with Ortho-K contact lens,the lens was wore every night for over 8 hours.Subjective refraction,uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA),contrast sensitivity function,corneal-topography,and aberrometry were examined before,1 week and 3 months after the initiation of orthokeratology.Visual quality was generally evaluated by comparing before wearing,1 week and 3 months after wearing using the National Eye Institute refractive error quality of life instrument (NEI-RQL-42TM).All the procedures were performed by the same clinician.Results Spherical equivalent refractions were (-0.33± 1.02) D and (-0.26 ± 0.60) D 1 week and 3 months after orthokeratology,showing significant decline in comparison with (-2.79±0.82) D of before orthokeratology (P =0.001,0.001).However,no considerable difference was seen between 1 week and 3 months after orthokeratology (P=0.161).Contrast sensitivity function was significantly different in all spatial frequencies before wearing,1 week and 3 months after wearing,and those of 1 week and 3 months after wearing were significantly lower than those of before wearing (1 week:3 cpd P =0.001,6 cpd P=0.001,12 cpd P＜0.05,18 epd P＜0.05 ;3 months:3 cpd P=0.001,6 cpd P=0.001,12 cpd P＜0.05,18 cpd P＜0.05).There was no significant change in contrast sensitivity function between 1 week and 3 months of orthokeratology (P＞0.05).Flat K,steep K and corneal eccentricity (e) were significantly reduced (P =0.000),and surface asymmetry index (SAI) and surface regularity index (SRI) were significantly improved after orthokeratology in comparison with before orthokeratology (both P =0.001).Root mean square (RMS) of total higher-order,third-order and fourth-order aberrations were significantly increased (P＜0.05),but RMS of whole aberration and second-order aberrations significantly decreased after orthokeratology (P＜ 0.05).There were no significant changes in the fifth-order,sixth-order and seventh-order aberration among pre-wear,1 week and 3 months after orthokeratology.Scales of dark to bright,nocturnal driving,glare,visual fluctuate and halo were lower than those before orthokeratology (P＜0.05).The scales of visual fluctuate between 1 month and 3 months after orthokeratology had significant differences (P＜0.01),while the rest of the scales had no significant differences (P＞0.05).Conclusions Orthokeratology can reduce myopic diopter 1 week after orthokeratology.The overnight wearing of fitted orthokeratology can decrease contrast sensitivity and increase corneal surface irregularity and RMS of third-order and fourth-order.Compared with spectacles,orthokeratology reduces subjective visual quality,especially nocturnal quality.

The method for analysis and determination the cleavage of soybean sterol, in which the soybean sterol was degraded and the products androst-1,4-diene-,17-dione (ADD) and androst-4-ene-3,17-dion (AD) were developed by Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry. The HPLC conditions adopted were: a All- tima ODS-2 column (250 mm?4.6 mm, 5 ?m), a mobile phase consisted of menthanol-water (70:30), a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, a room column temperature. and the detective wavelength was 244 nm.The ZMD Micromass electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometer was employed. In such conditions the corre- sponding HPLC chromatogram and MS spectrum were obtained. The method has a linear ranger of 0.01 mg/mL ~ 0.09 mg/mL, R2 =0.9999, the recoveries of ADD and AD were 102.6% and 105.90%, the RSD of ADD and AD were 3.02%, 3.5% and 3.08%, 3.24%. This method showed high sensitivity, accuracyand easy to perform. It is suitable to analysis the process cleavage of soybean sterol as well as quality control of product.

It was difficult to prepare traditional Chinese medicine pellets due to the adverse characteristics of the herbal extract. In this study, Danshen extract (DS) powder mixed with different proportions of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), lactose and starch were made into pellets by extrusion-spheronization. Particle size, span, bulk density, tapping density, compressibility, Hausner ratio and angle of repose were used to evaluate the micromeritic properties of mixing powders. Feret diameter, aspect ratio, yield, density and friability were used to evaluate the properties of the pellets. The correlations between micromeritic properties of raw material powders and the formability of their pellets were analyzed by cluster analysis, principal component analysis and partial least squares regression analysis. As a result, the particle size of the powders was negatively correlated with the size, density, yield, and was positively correlated with the friability of their pellets. The span, density, compressibility and angle of repose of the powders were positively correlated with the size, density, yield, and were negatively correlated with the friability of their pellets. So there were certain correlations between the micromeritic properties of raw material powders and the properties of their pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization. This research provided a foundation for the technology and method of traditional Chinese medicine extract pellets.
Cellulose ; chemistry ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drug Implants ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Excipients ; chemistry ; Lactose ; chemistry ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; Particle Size ; Powders ; chemistry ; Starch ; chemistry

Objective To explore the clinical outcomes of the percutaneous radiofrequency nucleoplasty in the treatment of cervical disc herniation.Methods 183 patients with cervical disc herniation were treated with percutaneous radiofrequency nucleoplasty.A retrospective analysis of 183 patients was made,and their effects were evaluated using the VAS and the subjective satisfactory degree of the patients.Results All cases were followed up for 3 to 36 months( average 12 months).There were no complications observed such as hemorrhages,infections and nerve root injurys due to the procedure.One week after operation,symptom remission rate was 58.4％ and perfect rate of subjective satisfaction was 95.1％.At final follow up,symptom remission' rate was 66.1％ and perfect rate of subjective satisfaction was 85.8％.Conclusion Percutaneous radiofrequency nucleoplasty was an effective,minimally invasive and safe procedure to treat cervical disc herniation,and the operative treatment had shown better results.

Objective To study the changes of pressure in cervical disc after percutaneous radiofrequency nucleoplasty,and provide theoretical basis for percutaneous radiofrequency nucleoplasty in the treatment of cervical disc herniation. Methods Forty-two patients with cervical disc herniation (33 cases of nerve root-type cervical spondylopathy and 9 cases of vertebral artery-type cervical spondylopathy) were treated with pereutaneous radiofrequeney nucleoplasty. The pressures of operated cervical disc were measured in the operation, and their clinical effects were evaluated using the JOA values 1 week after operation. The relationship between pressure changes in cervical disc and clinical effect was studied. Results The pressure in the cervical disc in 33 cases of nerve root-type cervical spondylopathy was decreased (1.84 ± 0.96) kPa (P=0.000), and the JOA values increased (3.27 ± 1.35) scares (P=0.000) 1 week after operation. The pressure in the cervical disc in 9 cases of vertebral artery-type cervical spondylopathy was decreased (1.72 ± 0.92) kPa (P= 0.000), and the JOA values increased (2.78 ± 0.67) scores (P= 0.000) 1 week after operation. Correlative analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between the pressure decrease of cervical disc and the JOA values increase (P < 0.05). Conclusion Percutaneous radiofrequency nucleoplasty can help to reduce pressure in the cervical disc and relieve the clinical symptoms.

Hyoscyamine 6 beta-hydroxylase (H6H) is the last rate-limiting enzyme directly catalyzing the formation of scopolamine in tropane alkaloids (TAs) biosynthesis pathway. It is the primary target gene in the genetic modification of TAs metabolic pathway. Full-length cDNA and gDNA sequences of a novel H6H gene were cloned from Datura arborea (DaH6H, GenBank accession numbers for cDNA and gDNA are KR006981 and KR006983, respectively). Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals an open reading frame of 1375 bp encoding 347 amino acids in the cDNA of DaH6H, while the gDNA of DaH6H contains four exons and three introns, with the highest similarity to the gDNA of H6H from D. stramonium. DaH6H also exhibited the most identity of 90.5% with DsH6H in amino acids and harbored conserved 2-oxoglutarate binding motif and two iron binding motifs. The expression level of DaH6H was highest in the mature leaf, followed by the secondary root, and with no expression in the primary root based on qPCR analysis. Its expression was inhibited by MeJA. DaH6H was expressed in E. coli and a 39 kD recombinant protein was detected in SDS-PAGE. Comparison of the contents of scopolamine and hyoscyamine in various TAs-producing plants revealed that D. arborea was one of the rare scopolamine predominant plants. Cloning of DaH6H gene will allow more research in the molecular regulatory mechanism of TAs biosynthesis in distinct plants and provide a new candidate gene for scopolamine metabolic engineering.
Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Datura ; enzymology ; genetics ; Escherichia coli ; Hyoscyamine ; chemistry ; Mixed Function Oxygenases ; genetics ; Plant Leaves ; enzymology ; Plant Roots ; enzymology ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; chemistry

The antibody against AT1-EC2 plays a role in some kinds of inflammatory vascular diseases including malignant hypertension, preeclampsia, and renal-allograft rejection, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. In order to investigate the changes of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species in the aorta in a mouse model which can produce AT1-EC2 antibody by active immunization with AT1-EC2 peptide, 15 mice were divided into three groups: control group, AT1-EC2-immunized group, and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. In AT1-EC2-immunized group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, the mice were immunized by 50 μg peptide subcutaneously at multiple points for 4 times: 0, 5, 10, and 15 days after the experiment. In AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, valsartan was given at a dose of 100 mg/kg every day for 20 days. After the experiment, the mice were sacrificed under anesthesia and the aortas were obtained and frozen in liquid nitrogen for the preparation of frozen section slides and other experiments. The titer of AT1-EC2 was assayed by using ELISA. The level of NOX1 mRNA in the aorta was determined by using RT-PCR. The expression of NOX1 was detected by using Western blotting. Confocal scanning microscopy was used to assay the α-actin and NOX1 expression in the aortic tissue. The O(2)∸ production was detected in situ after DHE staining. The mice produced high level antibody against AT1-EC2 in AT1-EC2-immunized group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group, and the level of NOX1 mRNA in the aortic tissues was 1.6±0.4 times higher and the NOX1 protein expression was higher in AT1-EC2-immunized group than in control group. There were no significant differences in the level of NOX1 mRNA and protein expression between control group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. The expression and co-localization of α-actin and NOX1 in AT1-EC2-immunized group increased significantly as compared with those in control group, and the O(2)∸ production increased about 2.7 times as compared with control group. There were no significant differences between control group and AT1-EC2-immunized and valsartan-treated group. It is concluded that active immunization with AT1-EC2 can activate NOX1-ROS, and increase vascular inflammation, which can be inhibited by AT1 receptor blocker valsartan. This may partially explain the mechanism of the pathogenesis of inflammatory vascular diseases related to antibody against AT1-EC2.

This research was a part of the investigation of traditional Chinese medicine resources survey in Markam. The medicinal plants in natural reserve were studied for the first in this paper. There were 300 species in 202 genera of 54 families, among them there were 7 species of ferns in 5 genera of 5 families, 6 species of gymnosperms in 4 genera of 3 families, and 287 species of angiosperms in 194 genera of 61 families. There were 166 species Tibetan medicinal plants in 102 genera of 47 families. Quantitative analysis was carried out in 6 aspects of family and genus composition, medicinal parts, drug properties, flavour of a drug, Tibetan medicine, toxicity and new plants. The concrete suggestions of protection and exploitation were put forward, which provided scientific basis for the sustainable utilization of medicinal plants in this area.
Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Plants, Medicinal ; Tibet

Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; metabolism ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; metabolism ; pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Granuloma ; metabolism ; pathology ; Humans ; Keratins ; immunology ; Male ; Mucin-1 ; metabolism ; Skin Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology

Objective To study the effect of intensive trunk muscle training on balance and walking in pa- tients with hemiplegia caused by stroke.Methods A total of 90 stroke patients were recruited and randomly divid- ed into a treatment group(45 cases)and a control group(45 cases).All the patients were given conventional reha- bilitation training.Meanwhile,intensive trunk muscle training was also administered for those in the treatment group as well.The trunk control function,balance ability and walking ability were assessed by using the trunk control test, Berg Balance Scale and the balance subscale of the Fugl-Meyer physical performance test,and Holden's functional ambulation classification,respectively,before and after 6 weeks of training.Results It was found that all the pa- tients scored better with the trunk control test,Berg's balance scale,the balance subscale of the Fugl-Meyer physical performance test and Holden's ambulation classification after treatment,and there were significant differences between the two groups after treatment(P