Moringa oleifera, widely utilized in Ayurvedic medicine, is recognized for its leaves, seeds, and velamen possessing traditional effects such as vātahara(wind alleviation), sirovirecaka(brain clearing), and hridya(mental nourishment). This study aims to identify the medicinal part of ■ in the Sārasvata ghee formulation as described in the Bower Manuscript, while investigating the ameliorative effects of different medicinal parts of M. oleifera on learning and memory deficits in mice and elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms. A total of 144 male ICR mice were randomly assigned to the following groups: control, model(scopolamine hydrobromide, Sco, 2 mg·kg~(-1)), donepezil(donepezil hydrochloride, Don, 3 mg·kg~(-1)), M. oleifera leaf low-, medium-, and high-dose groups(0.5, 1, 2 g·kg~(-1)), M. oleifera seeds low-, medium-, and high-dose groups(0.25, 0.5, 1 g·kg~(-1)), and M. oleifera velamen low-, medium-, and high-dose groups(0.31, 0.62, 1.24 g·kg~(-1)). Learning and memory abilities were assessed using the passive avoidance test and Morris water maze. Nissl and HE staining were employed to examine histopathological changes in the hippocampus. Transcriptomics and targeted metabolomics were used to screen differential genes and metabolites, with MetaboAnalyst 6.0 and O2PLS methods applied to identify key disease-related targets and pathways. RESULTS:: demonstrated that M. oleifera leaf(1 g·kg~(-1)) significantly ameliorated Sco-induced learning and memory deficits, outperforming M. oleifera seeds(0.25 g·kg~(-1)) and M. oleifera velamen(1.24 g·kg~(-1)). This was evidenced by improved behavioral performance, reversal of neuronal damage, and reduced acetylcholinesterase(AChE) activity. Multi-omics analysis revealed that M. oleifera leaf upregulated Tuba1c gene expression through the synaptic vesicle cycle, enhancing glutamate(Glu), dopamine(DA), and acetylcholine(ACh) release via Tuba1c-Glu associations for neuroprotection. M. oleifera seeds targeted the dopaminergic synapse pathway, promoting memory consolidation through Drd2-ACh associations. M. oleifera velamen was associated with the cocaine addiction pathway, modulating dopamine metabolism via Adora2a-DOPAC, with limited relevance to learning and memory. In conclusion, M. oleifera leaf exhibits superior efficacy and mechanistic advantages over M. oleifera seeds and velamen, suggesting that the ■ in the Sārasvata ghee formulation is likely M. oleifera leaf, providing scientific evidence for its identification in ancient texts.
Animals ; Moringa oleifera/chemistry* ; Male ; Mice ; Seeds/chemistry* ; Plant Leaves/chemistry* ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Memory Disorders/psychology* ; Transcriptome/drug effects* ; Memory/drug effects* ; Learning/drug effects* ; Metabolomics ; Humans ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Maze Learning/drug effects*

In recent years, with the increasing societal focus on drug quality and safety, quality issues have become a major challenge faced by the pharmaceutical industry, directly impacting consumer health and market trust. By combining multispectral imaging technology with machine learning, it is possible to achieve rapid, non-destructive, and precise detection of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) preparations, thereby revolutionizing traditional detection methods and developing more convenient and automated solutions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current applications of rapid, non-destructive detection techniques based on machine learning algorithms in the field of TCM preparations. It analyzed the principles and advantages of commonly used rapid, non-destructive detection techniques, offering a reference for the application and promotion of these technologies in TCM preparation detection. Additionally, this paper explored various data preprocessing techniques, operational processes, and machine learning algorithms to enhance data utilization efficiency. Finally, it focused on the challenges of applying machine learning in TCM preparation detection and offered corresponding recommendations, providing guidance for the future integration of machine learning with rapid, non-destructive detection techniques in practical production.
Machine Learning ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/analysis* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional/methods* ; Humans ; Quality Control

The construction method and simulation parameter settings for the discrete element model of Jianwei Xiaoshi Granules, as the primary material of Jianwei Xiaoshi Tablets, are not yet clear. The accuracy of the simulation model significantly influences the dynamic response characteristics between granules. Therefore, it is necessary to calibrate the parameters to improve the accuracy of the simulation parameters. Using the repose angle of Jianwei Xiaoshi Granules as the response value, the response surface methodology was employed to optimize and calibrate the discrete element parameters. Physical experiments were conducted to determine the physical properties of Jianwei Xiaoshi Granules. Based on the Hertz-Mindlin with Johnson-Kendall-Roberts(JKR) V2 model and virtual simulation methods, a repose angle determination model was constructed in EDEM software. The repose angle was measured using image analysis and numerical fitting methods. The Plackett-Burman experiment was used to screen the initial parameters for significance in the discrete element simulation. The significant parameters were then subjected to a steepest ascent experiment to determine the optimal parameter range. Furthermore, based on the Box-Behnken experiment, a second-order regression equation between significant parameters and repose angle was established, with the repose angle of 37.64° in the physical experiment as the target value. The regression equation was optimized and solved. The significance screening experiment revealed that the granule-granule static friction coefficient, granule-granule rolling friction, and granule-steel plate rolling friction of Jianwei Xiaoshi Granules significantly influenced the simulated repose angle. The optimal parameter combination was found to be 0.330, 0.222, and 0.229. The simulation results with this optimal parameter combination showed that there was no significant difference between the simulated repose angle and the repose angle obtained in the physical experiment, with a relative error of 0.05%, which further validated the reliability of the calibrated discrete element parameters for Jianwei Xiaoshi Granules.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Calibration ; Computer Simulation

Identification of critical material attributes(CMAs) is a key issue in the quality control of large-scale TCM products like Jianwei Xiaoshi Tablets. This study focuses on the granules of Jianwei Xiaoshi Tablets, using tablet tensile strength as the primary quality attribute. A method for identifying the CMAs and a design space for the granules were established, along with a predictive model for the granule CMAs based on Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy(FT-NIR). First, granules of Jianwei Xiaoshi Tablets with different properties were prepared using a partial factorial design method from the design of experiments(DOE). The powder properties of the granules were measured. An orthogonal partial least squares(OPLS) model was established to correlate the powder properties with tensile strength. Based on the characteristics of the comprehensive variables extracted by OPLS, the independent variables with the greatest explanatory power for tensile strength were identified. FT-NIR technology was then employed to establish a predictive model for the granule CMAs. The final CMAs identified were hygroscopicity, moisture content, D_(50), collapse angle, mass flow rate, and tapped density. The coefficients of determination of the prediction set(R■) and relative percentage deviation(RPD) of the prediction set for flowability, D_(50), and moisture content were 0.891, 0.994, and 0.998; and 2.97, 12.4, and 20.7, respectively. The established OPLS model clearly identified the impact of various factors on tensile strength, demonstrating good fit results. The model exhibited high prediction accuracy and can be used for the rapid and accurate determination of CMAs in granules of Jianwei Xiaoshi Tablets.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Tablets/chemistry* ; Tensile Strength ; Quality Control ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of integrated management during the perinatal period for fetuses diagnosed with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) by prenatal echocardiography. METHODS: Clinical data of 64 cases of TAPVC fetuses diagnosed by prenatal echocardiography and managed with integrated perinatal care in Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Integrated perinatal care included multidisciplinary collaboration among obstetrics, fetal medicine, ultrasound, pediatric cardiology, pediatric anesthesia, and neonatology. RESULTS: Among the 64 TAPVC fetuses, there were 29 cases of supracardiac type, 27 cases of intracardiac type, 2 cases of infracardiac type, and 6 cases of mixed type. Chromosomal analysis was performed in 42 cases, and no obvious abnormalities were found. Among the 64 TAPVC fetuses, 37 were induced labor, and 27 were followed up until term birth. Among the 27 TAPVC cases, 2 cases accepted palliative care, 2 cases were referred to another hospital for treatment and lost to follow-up, while the remaining 23 cases underwent primary repair surgery. One case died within 6 months after the operation due to low cardiac output syndrome, while the other 22 cases were followed up for (2.1±0.3) years with good outcomes (2 cases underwent a second surgery within 1 year after the first operation due to anastomotic stenosis or pulmonary vein stenosis). CONCLUSIONS TAPVC fetuses can achieve good outcomes with integrated management during the perinatal period.
Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Echocardiography ; Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery* ; Pulmonary Veins/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies ; Scimitar Syndrome/surgery* ; Infant, Newborn

Objective To investigate the effect of glucocorticoids on the prognosis and inflammatory markers of patients with acute severe pancreatitis(SAP).Methods A retrospective collection was performed for SAP patients diagnosed and treated in the Department of General Hepatobiliary Surgery,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2020 to January 2023.SAP patients were divided into GC group and non-GC(NGC)group according to whether they used glucocorticoids(GC)or not.The two groups were compared with general data,inflammatory markers[neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio(NLR),monocyte-lymphocyte ratio(MLR),platelet-lymphocyte ratio(PLR),systemic inflammatory index(SII)and C-reactive protein-albumin ratio(CAR)],clinical events[continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT),vasoactive drugs,ICU stay,total length of stay and survival)],and complications(organ failure,electrolyte imbalances,gastrointestinal bleeding and infection).Kaplan-Meier curve analysis of the relationship between GC and death in SAP patients.Logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between GC and death and organ failure.Results A total of 84 patients with SAP,40 in the GC group and 44 in the NGC group were included in the study.After treatment,NLR,MLR,PLR,SII and CAR in the GC group were significantly lower than those in the NGC group(P<0.05).There were no statistically significant differences between the GC and NGC groups in CRRT treatment,vasoactive drug use,surgery,ICU stay,total length of stay,electrolyte imbalance,gastrointestinal bleeding,pancreatic pseudocyst,abscess formation,pancreatic encephalopathy,and infectious complications(P>0.05);The mortality rate and organ failure incidence of patients in the GC group were significantly lower than those in the NGC group(P<0.05).The results of multivariate regression showed that the use of GC was an independent protective factor for death[OR=0.243,95% CI(0.062,0.948),P=0.042]and organ failure[OR=0.401,95% CI(0.165,0.976),P=0.044]in SAP patients.Conclusion GC can reduce the mortality rate and organ failure rate of SAP patients without increasing the incidence of additional complications,and has a high safety profile.

Bone development shows certain regularity with age. The regularity can be used to infer age and serve many fields such as justice, medicine, archaeology, etc. As a non-invasive evaluation method of the epiphyseal development stage, MRI is widely used in living age estimation. In recent years, the rapid development of machine learning has significantly improved the effectiveness and reliability of living age estimation, which is one of the main development directions of current research. This paper summarizes the analysis methods of age estimation by knee joint MRI, introduces the current research trends, and future application trend.
Epiphyses/diagnostic imaging* ; Age Determination by Skeleton/methods* ; Reproducibility of Results ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Knee Joint/diagnostic imaging*

Objective: The relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and glycemic indices, including plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postload glucose (2h-PG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), remains inconclusive. We aimed to explore the associations between glycemic indices and SUA levels in the general Chinese population. Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional analysis using the first follow-up survey data from The China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort Study. A total of 105,922 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 40 years underwent the oral glucose tolerance test and uric acid assessment. The nonlinear relationships between glycemic indices and SUA levels were explored using generalized additive models. Results: A total of 30,941 men and 62,361 women were eligible for the current analysis. Generalized additive models verified the inverted U-shaped association between glycemic indices and SUA levels, but with different inflection points in men and women. The thresholds for FPG, 2h-PG, and HbA1c for men and women were 6.5/8.0 mmol/L, 11.0/14.0 mmol/L, and 6.1/6.5, respectively (SUA levels increased with increasing glycemic indices before the inflection points and then eventually decreased with further increases in the glycemic indices). Conclusion An inverted U-shaped association was observed between major glycemic indices and uric acid levels in both sexes, while the inflection points were reached earlier in men than in women.
Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Glucose/analysis* ; China/epidemiology* ; Cohort Studies ; Diabetes Mellitus/blood* ; Female ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glycated Hemoglobin A/analysis* ; Glycemic Index ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Uric Acid/blood*

The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of nuciferine on alleviating obesity based on modulating gut microbiota, ameliorating chronic inflammation, and improving gut permeability. In this study, the obese model mice were induced by high-fat diet and then randomly divided into model group, and nuciferine group; some other mice of the same week age were fed with normal diet as normal group. In the modeling process, the mice were administered intragastrically(ig) for 12 weeks. In the course of both modeling and treatment, the body weight and food intake of mice in each group were measured weekly. After modeling and treatment, the Lee's index, weight percentage of inguinal subcutaneous fat, and the level of blood lipid in each group were measured. The pathological changes of adipocytes were observed by HE staining to evaluate the efficacy of nuciferine treatment in obese model mice. 16 S rRNA sequencing analysis was conducted to study the changes in diversity and abundance of gut microbiota after nuciferine treatment. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and quantitative Real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR) were used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and the expression of related genes in adipose tissue of mice in each group, so as to evaluate the effect of nuciferine on chronic inflammation of mice in obese model group. qPCR was used to detect the expression of occludin and tight junction protein 1(ZO-1)gene in colon tissure, so as to evaluate the effect of nuciferine on intestinal permeability of mice in obese group. Nuciferine decreased the body weight of obese mice, Lee's index, weight percentage of inguinal subcutaneous fat(P<0.05), and reduced the volume of adipocytes, decreased the level of total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)(P<0.05) in serum, improved dysbacteriosis, increased the relative abundance of Alloprevotella, Turicibacter, and Lactobacillus, lowered the relative abundance of Helicobac-ter, decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α genes in adipose tissue(P<0.01), decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in serum(P<0.05), and increased the expression of occludin and ZO-1 genes related to tight junction in colon tissue(P<0.01). Nuciferine could treat obesity through modulating gut microbiota, decreasing gut permeability and ameliorating inflammation.
Animals ; Aporphines ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Obesity/genetics*

Objective:To investigate the role of blood ammonia in the evaluation of the prognosis of septic patients in the emergency department and to compare its value with mortality in emergency department sepsis (MEDS) score.Methods:A retrospective clinical study was conducted to septic patients who were diagnosed in the Emergency Department of West China Hospital of Sichuan University from June 2017 to May 2018, and met the diagnostic criteria established by the diagnostic criteria of the American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine in 2001. The subjects who had other diseases that affected blood ammonia level and were lost to follow-up were excluded. MEDS scores were collected, and the survival status of patients was followed up by telephone. The independent samples t test was used to compare the differences between the two groups, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the accuracy of the prediction of sepsis mortality, and the logistic regression model was used to explore the value of the combined use of blood ammonia and MEDS score.Results:Eighty subjects were finally included in the study and divided into the 1-week survival group ( n=52), 1-week death group ( n=28); 4-week survival group ( n=37), 4-week death group ( n=43); 12-week survival group ( n=33), 12-week death group ( n=47); 1-year survival group ( n=32), and 1-year death group ( n=48). There was no statistical difference in the demographic characteristics of subjects between the groups. The average blood ammonia level of all the subjects who died was higher than that of the patients who survived in the same period [(116.57 ± 85.33) μmol/L vs (77.63 ± 35.82) μmol/L, (108.53 ± 73.00) μmol/L vs (71.19 ± 32.53) μmol/L, (106.74 ± 71.59) μmol/L vs (69.21 ± 28.84) μmol/L, (105.77 ± 71.14) μmol/L vs (69.50 ± 29.25) μmol/L, P<0.05]. Based on death after one week, four weeks, twelve weeks and one year, the area under ROC curve (AUC) of blood ammonia was 0.668 (95% CI: 0.542-0.793, P=0.014), 0.706 (95% CI: 0.593-0.819, P=0.002), 0.705 (95% CI: 0.592-0.818, P=0.002), and 0.697 (95% CI: 0.582-0.811, P=0.003), respectively. Compared with the use of blood ammonia, lactic acid or MEDS score alone, the combined use of blood ammonia and MEDS score increased the accuracy of prognosis evaluation in sepstic patients ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Blood ammonia has a high value in predicting the short-term and 1-year prognosis of septic patients in the emergency department. The combined use of blood ammonia and MEDS score can further improve its predictive value.