To enhance the quality and efficiency of ozagrel by investigating the differences between the ozagrel polymorphs in bioavailability. Solid ozagrel in different polymorph forms were orally administered to SD rats. An HPLC method was established to determinate plasma level of ozagrel. The bioavailabilities of two polymorph forms were calculated and compared. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ozagrel, were as follows: Cmax was 32.72 ± 17.04 and 34.01 ± 19.13 mg · L(-1), respectively; AUC0-t was 61.14 ± 14.76 and 85.56 ± 18.08 mg · L(-1) · h, respectively; t½ was 1.53 ± 0.51 and 4.73 ± 3.00 h, respectively. There was no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between form I and II polymorphs of ozagrel while the t½ of form II is longer, which indicates that the use of form II polymorph as pharmaceutical product may prolong the effective action time in clinics. This would help the polymorph quality control in drug production.
Animals ; Biological Availability ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Methacrylates ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo select the optimum extraction process of Zhanjin Ruji.

METHODTo observe influence of extraction time upon the extraction rate of volatile oil, the orthogonal test was adopted to observe the extraction process by alcohol from the extraction rate and content of the total saponins in Radix Notoginseng.

RESULTThe three kinds of herbs including Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Resina Olibani and Myrrha were extracted with water for 3 hours, 95% of volatile oil can be distilled. The three kinds of herbs including Radix Notoginseng, Herba Lycopodii and Radix Gentianae Macrophyllac were extracted by alcohol. Four factors such as alcohol concentration(A), extraction times(B), extraction time(C), and solvent amount(D), had not significant effect on the content of total saponins in Radix Notoginseng in herbal extraction, but factor A and B had significant effect on the extraction rate. The optimum extraction process was as follows extracted with 5 times the amount of the solvent volum 60% alcohol for 3 times and with each time for 1 hour. Three times experiments showed that the extraction rate was 26.5% and the content of the total saponins in Radix Notoginseng was 17.28% mg.g-1.

CONCLUSIONThe above experimental results can provide experimental basis for deciding the extraction process of Zhanjin Ruji.

Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; Gentiana ; chemistry ; Lycopodium ; chemistry ; Materia Medica ; administration & dosage ; Oils, Volatile ; isolation & purification ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Saponins ; isolation & purification ; Technology, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Terpenes ; isolation & purification

Animals ; Cadherins ; metabolism ; Catenins ; metabolism ; Estradiol ; pharmacology ; Estrogen Receptor Modulators ; pharmacology ; Female ; Ovariectomy ; Rats ; Uterus ; drug effects ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo study functions of Jingu Tongxiao granule (JGTXG, treatmenting ache of bones and muscles) in antiphlogistic and antalgic aspect, invigorating the circulation of blood and absorbing clots and antitraumatic soft tissue.

METHODAnimal models of inflammation, ache, gore and traumatic soft tissue were adopted, and pharmacodynamic actions of Jingu Tongxiao granule were observed.

RESULTJGTXG could conspicuously restrain inflammatory reactions of mouse ear tumid model treated by croton oil tumid and rat foot metatarsus tumid model treated by carrageenan, and restrain pain responses of mouse caused with whipping back end method by heat stimulating and of mouse caused with wriggling body method by acetic acid being injected in its abdominal cavity. It could significantly improve petechia degree in traumatic rat blood stasis model, and prominently improve raumatized limb's tumefaction degree and alleviate blood stasis, swelling and phlogistic cell soakage in traumatic rat soft tissue model. At the same time, it could prominently restrain platelet aggregation and improve whole blood viscosity.

CONCLUSIONJingu Tongxiao granule has antiphlogistic and antalgic functions, invigorating the circulation of blood and absorbing clots and antitraumatic soft tissue, and it could keep curative effect of original dosage form.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; pharmacology ; Blood Viscosity ; drug effects ; Cinnamomum ; chemistry ; Cyperus ; chemistry ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Ear Diseases ; pathology ; Edema ; pathology ; Hemorheology ; drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Pain Threshold ; drug effects ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Platelet Aggregation ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the ultrasonographic features of epididymides in congenital obstructive azoospermia (COA) and acquired obstructive azoospermia (AOA).

METHODSA total of 211 infertile men with obstructive azoospermia were observed by scrotal ultrasonography, and the features of the epididymal ultrasonograms were compared between COA and AOA.

RESULTSCOA exhibited significantly higher rates of ectasia in the epididymal head, cord-like changes, abrupt tapering and absence of the epididymal body and tail than AOA (P < 0.05), while AOA showed markedly higher rates of epididymal body and tail duct ectasia and epididymal inflammatory mass than COA (P < 0.01). Tubular ectasia of the epididymal duct in the head, body and tail were markedly higher in the COA (14 [5.9%], 41 [17.2%] and 20 [8.4%] cases in 236 epididymides) than in the AOA (P < 0.05). Retiform ectasia were markedly higher in the AOA (119 [64.0%], 142 [76.3%] and 109 [58.6%] cases in 186 epididymides) than in the COA (P < 0.05), with statistically significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). Ultrasonographically, the epididymides of the COA patients were characterized by irregular ectasia of the epididymal tube with decreased and unclear wall echoes (P < 0.05), and those of the AOA patients by regular ectasia with enhanced wall echoes (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONThe ultrasonographic epididymal features of COA are obviously different from those of AOA, which is of important clinical application value for distinguishing the two conditions from each other.

Adult ; Azoospermia ; congenital ; diagnostic imaging ; Epididymis ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVETo identify and compare the expression profiles of differential proteins between chronic phase and blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by proteomic analysis, and screen the proteins related to blast crisis.

METHODSThe total cellular proteins from the bone marrow cells at chronic phase (CP) and blast crisis (BC) in CML were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and analyzed with ImageMaster 5.0 software to screen the differential protein spots. Differential protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry for peptide mass fingerprint in combination with database searching from SWISS-PROT. Then 3 protein spots were selected to verify at protein and mRNA levels by Western blot and semi-quantitative RT-PCR, separately.

RESULTSComparing gel pages from CML-CP and CML-BC, the expression of 13 protein spots decreased and 25 protein spots increased significantly in CML-BC. Twenty differential protein spots were identified by mass spectrometry and 15 were successfully determined. The results of Western blotting were similar to those of 2-DE and showed a high expression of hnRNPK, annexin A1 and RhoA. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that there was no correlation between the protein expression changes and mRNA levels of hnRNPK, annexin A1 and RhoA.

CONCLUSIONA group of proteins associated with blast crisis are obtained and the results may provide clues for further research to elucidate the role of these proteins in CML-BC carcinogenesis and to develop potential associated biomarkers.

Adult ; Aged ; Annexin A1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Blast Crisis ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K ; Humans ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Proteomics ; methods ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Young Adult ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein ; genetics ; metabolism

Achromobacter denitrificans ; Adult ; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections ; complications ; Humans ; Jaundice, Obstructive ; etiology ; Liver Abscess ; microbiology ; Male

OBJECTIVENumber and function of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) and coronary artery lesion in Kawasaki disease (KD) model were evaluated to investigate therapeutic efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF).

METHODC57BL/6 mice were injected with L. casei cell wall extract (LCWE); 48 mice were divided into 3 groups randomly: KD model group; G-CSF treated model group and control group, 16 in each. G-CSF was subcutaneously injected from day 5 to day 9 after injection of LCWE. Coronary artery lesion, number of circulating EPC and the function of bone marrow EPC were evaluated.

RESULTIn model group, inflammatory infiltration was found around coronary artery at 14 days. The number of circulating EPC was significantly decreased in model group (0.017% ± 0.008%) compared to control (0.028% ± 0.007%) (t = 2.037, P < 0.05). Disruption of elastin was consistently observed at 56 days. Stimulated by G-CSF, inflammatory infiltration was found around the coronary artery at day 14, while the number of circulating EPC (0.042% ± 0.015%) was increased significantly compared to models (t = 4.629, P < 0.05). At the day 56, the number of circulating EPC was decreased slightly (0.029% ± 0.012%), but still higher than the model group (t = 2.789, P < 0.05), and have no significant difference compared to controls (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was no elastin disruption in the G-CSF group. In model group, bone marrow EPC's proliferation ability of absorbance (A value) was 0.38 ± 0.09 in thiazolyl blue assay, less than controls (0.61 ± 0.14, P < 0.01). Adhesion and migration function were down-regulated compared to controls [(3.1 ± 0.6) cells/HPF and (3.3 ± 0.6) cells/HPF vs. (6.4 ± 1.2) cells/HPF and (6.2 ± 0.5) cells/HPF, both P < 0.01]. In the G-CSF treated group, proliferation ability (A 0.58 ± 0.10), adhesion [(6.17 ± 1.13) cells/HPF], migration [(6.29 ± 0.42) cells/HPF] function were increased significantly compared to the model group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONG-CSF can up-regulate EPC number and function to prevent coronary artery lesion in mice model of KD.

Animals ; Coronary Vessels ; drug effects ; pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Flow Cytometry ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Random Allocation ; Stem Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Up-Regulation

The undifferentiated form of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common malignant head and neck cancer in South China, especially in Cantonese populations. However, few NPC cell lines have been established from the patients in this region. In this study, we established a new NPC cell line, termed SUNE2, from a Cantonese patient with undifferentiated NPC. This cell line had extremely low concentrations of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in long-term culture and expressed low levels of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), BamH1-A right frame 1 (BARF1), EBV-encoded RNA-1 (EBER1), and EBV-encoded RNA-2 (EBER2) in early passages. SUNE2 cells also showed much stronger transforming ability than 5-8F cells in colony formation assays and anchorage-independent growth assays in soft agar, and they only need 2 weeks to form tumors in nude mice. In summary, the SUNE2 cell line is a new in vitro model that can be used for further research on the mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of NPC.
Adult ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Colony-Forming Units Assay ; DNA, Viral ; metabolism ; Female ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; genetics ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; virology ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; RNA, Viral ; metabolism ; Viral Matrix Proteins ; metabolism ; Viral Proteins ; metabolism

OBJECTIVESTo explore the clinical, pathological features and prognosis of patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.

METHODSFrom January 1998 to January 2008, clinical data of 29 patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma including clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, treatment models, pTNM stages and follow-up results, were summarized to investigate its features and prognosis.

RESULTSAll cases had no obvious clinical and preoperative imaging presentation. There were 23 patients underwent radical nephrectomy, and 6 cases underwent nephron sparing surgery. Postoperative pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Macroscopically, the cut surface of the tumors were generally beige in color. Histologically, it showed polygonal chromophobe cells and small round eosinophilic cells with eccentric hyaline degeneration. These tumor cells had a clear and sharp membrane, lightly stained abundant cytoplasm with a fine reticular translucent pattern and irregular nuclei. And a perinuclear halo was often seen in these cells. Histochemically, the tumor cells generally show a diffuse and strong reaction for CK-8 with a negative expression of Vimentin. The pTNM stages of the tumor were as follows, pT1N0M0 in 11 cases, pT2N0M0 in 8 cases, pT3aN0M0 in 5 cases, pT1N1M0 in 3 cases, pT2N1M0 in 2 cases. Twenty-six cases of patients were followed up (24 to 144 months, with an average of 90 months), 3 cases died of cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and local recurrence involved in 6 cases with reoperation in 4 cases, as well as distant metastasis in 1 case. Twenty-one cases survived with tumor-free. The statistical results indicated that the survival rates of the patients with chromophobe renal cell carcinoma in five years and ten years were 83.9%, 77.9%, respectively, compared with renal cell carcinoma of the same stage 63.8% and 49.9% at the same periods, and there is no difference in the survival rate of five years (P > 0.05) but significant difference in that of ten years (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSChromophobe renal cell carcinoma is a morphologically uncommon subtype of renal cell carcinoma with the good prognosis. Definite diagnosis depends on its typical pathological feature. Radical nephrectomy is the first choice for the treatment of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy ; methods ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies