This study was aimed to understand the current status of the antimicrobial resistance and molecular distribution of Campylobacter in various poultry in Jiaodong area,to provide a basis for effective prevention and control of the Campy-lobacter risk to poultry products and human health.Campylobacter was isolated and identified from 565 cloacal samples collect-ed in the Jiaodong area from August to October 2021 through conventional bacterial isolation and culture,mass spectrometry,microbroth dilution and multilocus sequence typing(MLST).The drug resistance and molecular typing of 131 representative strains(67 Campylobacter jejuni and 64 Campylobacter coli)were studied separately.Antimicrobial resistance analysis indica-ted that 131 isolates were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin,nalixic acid and tetracycline,with resistance rates of 96.21％,96.21％and 95.45％,respectively.Except for 2 strains,62 strains of C.coli were completely resistant to these three drugs(100％).A total of 65 strains of 131 strains were multidrug re-sistant,and the overall multidrug resistance rate was 49.62％,among which 11 strains(16.42％)of C.jejuni were resistance to 3-5 antibiotics,and 54 strains(84.38％)of C.coli were re-sistance to 3-6 antibiotics.Among the isolates from different poultry sources,waterfowl isolates were the most resistant,fol-lowed by broiler isolates.The MLST typing results revealed 72 alleles and 35 sequence types obtained from 67 strains of C.je-juni,and the distribution was relatively dispersed,without a dominant ST type and homologous complex.A total of 27 alleles and 19 sequence types were obtained from 64 strains of C.coli.Moreover,59.38％(38/64)strains were homologous complex CC-828,in which the ST-1586 sequence type was most frequent,followed by ST-825.ST-1586,ST-9944 and ST-3735 were the main sources of C.coli in broilers,and ST-825 and ST-1586 were the main sources of C.coli in waterfowl.Differences in C.jejuni and C.coli carriage were observed among poultry in the Jiaodong area.Carriage of the two bacteria was more common in laying hens than in broilers and waterfowl.C.jejuni from poultry in the Jiaodong area was highly resistant to ciprofloxacin,nalixic acid and tetracycline,but had good sensitivity to other drugs.C.coli was highly resistant to a variety of antibiotics,and multiple drug resistance was common.St-type dispersal of C.jejuni showed high genetic diversity.C.coli was cloned and transmitted mainly by ST-1586 in broiler chickens and waterfowl.Poultry carry C.jejuni,which can cause serious diseases in humans.Therefore,dynamic monitoring of Campylobacter from poultry should be strengthened.

BACKGROUNDS: Azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA) is a key part of the strategy for controlling trachoma. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively summarize the present studies of azithromycin MDA on trachoma; provide an overview of the impact of azithromycin MDA on trachoma in different districts; and explore the possible methods to enhance the effectiveness of azithromycin MDA in hyperendemic districts. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched up to February 2021 with no language restriction. Studies reporting the effect of azithromycin MDA on trachoma were included. Mathematical modeling studies, animal studies, case reports, and reviews were excluded. The trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) <5.0% was used to judge the effect of azithromycin MDA on eliminating trachoma as a public health problem. Two researchers independently conducted the selection process and risk of bias assessment. RESULTS: A total of 1543 studies were screened, of which 67 studies including 13 cluster-randomized controlled trials and 54 non-randomized studies were included. The effect of azithromycin MDA on trachoma was closely related to the baseline prevalence in districts. For the districts with baseline prevalence between 5.0% and 9.9%, a single round of MDA achieved a TF <5.0%. For the districts with baseline between 10.0% and 29.9%, annual MDA for 3 to 5 years reduced TF <5.0%. However, for the districts with high level of baseline prevalence (TF >30.0%), especially with baseline TF >50.0%, annual MDA was unable to achieve the TF <5.0% even after 5 to 7 years of treatment. Quarterly MDA is more effective in controlling trachoma in these hyperendemic districts. CONCLUSIONS Azithromycin MDA for controlling trachoma depends on the baseline prevalence. The recommendation by the World Health Organization that annual MDA for 3 to 5 years in the districts with TF baseline >10.0% is not appropriate for all eligible districts.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Azithromycin/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Infant ; Mass Drug Administration ; Prevalence ; Trachoma/epidemiology*

Taking the Zeyao Materia Medica,Benjing Fengyuan,De Pei Materia Medica,Shiyi Materia Medica,Harmful Benefits of Materia Medica as representative works in Qing Dynasty,this paper extracts text information from four aspects: drug identification,drug use,drug prevention and detoxification,constructs a drug pharmacovigilance information table of Qing Dynasty herbal works,and summarizes the drug pharmacovigilance of Qing Dynasty. Thought,in the Qing Dynasty,there were many recordings of drug pharmacovigilance. In the aspect of drug awareness,the main representative was Shi Yi Materia Medica which added many new drugs and introduced more new uses of drugs. In addition,in the aspect of drug use and prevention,the main representatives were Zeyao Materia Medica,Benjing Fengyuan,De Pei Materia Medica,and Harmful Benefits of Materia Medica. In the aspect of taboo of disease and syndrome,attention should be paid to the integration of medicine so as to make drugs closely related to clinical use. Although there is no special introduction on detoxification,it has been introduced in various medicines in the De Pei Materia Medica,Shiyi Materia Medica,which has a relatively systematic and complete drug warning ideology system of " drug identification-use-drug prevention-detoxification".This study found that the traditional pharmacovigilance thought of Qing Dynasty had the characteristics of attaching importance to the clinical application of toxic traditional Chinese medicine and the combination of medicine,which had certain guiding significance for modern clinical medication. This paper aims to explore the traditional drug pharmacovigilance knowledge in representative works of the Qing Dynasty,analyze the characteristics of the drug pharmacovigilance thought in the Qing Dynasty,and lay a foundation for clarifying the traditional drug pharmacovigilance system.
China ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Materia Medica ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Pharmacovigilance ; Records

Objective: To observe the changes in numbers and degranulation status of local mast cells (MCs) of the complementary acupionts, as well as the concentrations of serum histamine and bradykinin after acupuncture at rat's complementary acupionts of Yanglingquan (GB 34) and Yinlingquan (SP 10), for exploring the mechanisms of the synergistic effect of complementary acupionts. Methods: Using random number table method, 40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank control group (group K), an acupuncture at Yanglingquan (GB 34) group (group A), an acupuncture at Yinlingquan (SP 9) group (group B), an acupuncture at Yanglingquan (GB 34) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) group (group AB), and an acupuncture at points near Yanglingquan (GB 34) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) group (group CD), 8 rats in each group. Group A received acupuncture at Yanglingquan (GB 34); group B received acupuncture at Yinlingquan (SP 9); group AB received acupuncture at Yanglingquan (GB 34) and Yinlingquan (SP 9); group CD received acupuncture at the control points [points 3 mm away from Yanglingquan (GB 34) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) respectively]. Acupuncture was performed at bilateral points in each group. Rats in group K were fixed using the same method as rats in the other 4 groups without acupuncture stimulation. Needles of 0.35 mm in diameter and 40 mm in length were used for acupuncture. Needle handle was connected to the G6805-Ⅱ mode electroacupuncture (EA) device after needling qi was obtained, with sparse-dense wave, frequency of 2 Hz/100 Hz and current of 1 mA to keep the needle handles slightly tremulous while the rats kept quiet. Rats were continuously stimulated by EA for 20 min each time. Experimental interventions were conducted on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days when the experiment started, for 4 times in total. Specimens from rats in each group were collected 2 h after the 7th day. The levels of histamine and bradykinin in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Local tissues of the points were used to prepare cryosections. The changes of MCs were observed after toluidine blue staining. Results: Compared with group K, the numbers and degranulation rates of MCs in group A, group B, group AB and group CD were significantly increased (all P<0.05). The number and degranulation rate of MCs in group AB were significantly higher than those in group A, group B and group CD (all P<0.05). The order of histamine levels from high to low was: group AB >group B > group A > group CD > group K, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05); the levels of bradykinin in group AB, group A and group B were significantly higher than those in group K and group CD (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the bradykinin level between group A and group B, nor between group CD and group K (all P>0.05). Conclusion: The number and degranulation rate of MCs of the complementary acupionts are significantly increased after acupuncture at complementary acupionts of Yanglingquan (GB 34) and Yinlingquan (SP 9) of rats, and the serum levels of histamine and bradykinin are increased, which may be one of the mechanisms of the synergism produced by the combination of complementary acupionts.

·AIM: To investigate the prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school students aged 7 to 18 in Longkou City, Shandong Province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of myopia. ·METHODS: The students aged 7 to 18 were enrolled through the method of stratified random and cluster sampling by the unit of schools and were investigated in Longkou, Shandong Province in 2015. A total of 58 schools were selected and 61 036 students were effectively sampled. All the subjects were divided into three- tiers based on geographical location: urban, rural-urban continuum, and rural areas. All the subjects were examined with the visual acuity and non -cycloplegic objective fraction. Microsoft Excel worksheet was used to establish a database, and SPSS 21. 0 software was used for statistical analysis. ·RESULTS: The prevalence of total myopia in the sample population of students of Longkou in 2015 was 49. 81% from 7 to 18 years old. The overall prevalence of myopia increased fastest from 11 to 12 years old. And the prevalence of mild myopia of students aged 13 was highest. The prevalence of total myopia were 46. 41% for boys and 53. 39% for girls, which showed the prevalence of girls was higher than the boys'. The prevalence of myopia in urban, rural- urban continuum, and rural areas were 55. 18% , 49. 75% , 44. 47% , respectively, and the prevalence of myopia in urban areas was the higher than the rural-urban continuum and the rural areas. The prevalence of total myopia gradually increased with age (rs=0. 943, P<0. 05). ·CONCLUSION: The results of the investigation showed a high prevalence of myopia among primary and middle school students in the city of Longkou, and gradually increased with age. The overall myopia prevalence for girls was higher than boys, and the prevalence was highest in urban areas.

We established a multiplex direct PCR for rapid detection of E.coli,Salmonella,Staphylococcus aureus,Listeria and Yersinia enterocolitica bacteria.Multiplex direct PCR primers were designed according to gene sequences of phoA (E.coli),inv A (Salmonella),nuc (S.aureus),hl y (Listeria),and ail (Y.enterocolitica).After the multiplex direct PCR were established,the specificity and sensitivity of primers were detected.Then,multiplex direct PCR was applied to examine 60 swine product samples,the detection specificity,accuracy and positive predictive value were calculated compared with the gold standard culture method.Results showed that multiplex direct PCR primers could be used for specific detection of E.coli,Salmonella,S.aureus,Listeria and Y.enterocolitica,with the minimal detectable limit of 10,1,100,1 and 1 CFU,respectively.For the examination of 60 swine product samples using multiplex direct PCR,15 were positive for E.coli,6 positive for Salmonella,21 positive for S.aureus,20 positive for Listeria,and 35 positive for Y.enterocolitica,with all positive detection rates higher than that of culture.The total detection sensitivity was 100％,accuracy was 94％,and positive predictive value was 81.44％.Multiplex direct PCR could be used for specific and sensitive detection of common food-borne pathogens,and the testing time was shorten to be 3 hours because of saving time for template extraction.Multiplex direct PCR might serve the detection of food-borne pathogens in food safety risk monitoring much better.

?AlM: To evaluate the relationship of early-life and childhood exposures and age-related cataract ( ARC ) , and provide a scientific evidence for early preventing, treating and detecting ARC.
?METHODS: A hospital-based case control study was conducted from April 2011 to October 2012. A total of 360 cases ( 360 eyes ) aged 41 ~ 60 years old for cataract extraction and 360 frequency-matched controls in the same hospital for various not related to ARC were included in the study. A structured interviewer -administrated questionnaire that included information on sociodemographic characteristics, early - life and childhood exposures was used. The risk factors of ARC were estimated with unconditioned logistic regression models.
?RESULTS:Early gestational age at birth sooner and lower birth weight was significantly associated with the risk of ARC(OR=1. 152,95%CI:1. 029~2. 235,P=0. 024;OR=1. 374, 95%CI:1. 156 ~2. 581,P=0. 037,respectively). The maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes ( OR=1. 587, 95%CI:1. 177~2. 915,P=0. 019),gestational diabetes (OR=1. 763, 95%CI:1. 375 ~ 2. 367,P= 0. 004), preeclampsia(OR=1. 581, 95%CI: 1. 139 ~1. 996,P=0. 021), and pregnancy induced hypertension (OR=1. 517, 95%CI:1. 032~1. 963,P=0. 024) could make the risk of ARC increased. Of the factors affecting the period of children, only shorter height relative to peers and overweight at age 10 were significantly associated with the risk of ARC( OR=1. 329, 95%CI:1. 072~2. 351,P=0. 038;OR=2. 302, 95%CI:1. 323~3. 196,P=0. 011, respectively).
?CONCLUSlON:Early gestational age at birth, low birth weight, the maternal pre - pregnancy diabetes, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension, and shorter height and overweight relative to peers, at age 10 were risk factors of ARC. But lasted long large and prospective studies are needed to insure early risk factors for ARC in the Chinese population.

The relationship between tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) and protein expression of insulin receptor (InsR) and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was investigated. The InsR expression and TP in skeleton muscle tissue were determined by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation in women with GDM (GDM group, n=22), normal pregnant women (normal pregnancy group, n=22) and normal non-pregnant women (normal non-pregnant group, n=13). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FINS) were measured by oxidase assay and immunoradioassay. The results showed that the levels of FPG (5.61±0.78 mmol/L), FINS (15.42±5.13 mU/L) and Homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) (1.21±0.52) in GDM group were significantly higher than those in normal pregnancy group (4.43±0.46 mmol/L, 10.56±3.07 mU/L and 0.80±0.31 respectively) (P<0.01). The levels of FINS and HOMA-IR in normal pregnancy group were significantly higher than those in normal non-pregnant group (7.56±2.31 mU/L and 0.47±0.26 respectively) (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the InsR expression level among the three groups (P>0.05). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation was significantly decreased in GDM group (0.20±0.05) as compared with normal pregnancy group (0.26±0.06) (P<0.01). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation in normal pregnancy group was lower than that in normal non-pregnant group (0.31±0.06) (P<0.01). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation was negatively related with HOMA-IR in GDM group (r=-0.525, P<0.01). There was no correlation between the protein expression of InsR and HOMA-IR in GDM group (r=-0.236, P>0.05). It was suggested that there is no significant correlation between the protein expression of InsR in skeletal muscle and IR in GDM, but changes in TP of InsR are associated with IR in GDM.
Adult ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blotting, Western ; Diabetes, Gestational ; blood ; metabolism ; Fasting ; blood ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; blood ; Insulin Resistance ; Muscle, Skeletal ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Pregnancy ; Radioimmunoassay ; Receptor, Insulin ; metabolism ; Tyrosine ; metabolism

Animals ; Cellular Reprogramming ; Dentate Gyrus ; cytology ; Fibroblasts ; cytology ; Mice ; Neural Stem Cells ; cytology ; transplantation ; Swine

The relationship between tyrosine phosphorylation (TP) and protein expression of insulin receptor (InsR) and insulin resistance (IR) in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was investigated. The InsR expression and TP in skeleton muscle tissue were determined by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation in women with GDM (GDM group, n=22), normal pregnant women (normal pregnancy group, n=22) and normal non-pregnant women (normal non-pregnant group, n=13). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FINS) were measured by oxidase assay and immunoradioassay. The results showed that the levels of FPG (5.61±0.78 mmol/L), FINS (15.42±5.13 mU/L) and Homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) (1.21±0.52) in GDM group were significantly higher than those in normal pregnancy group (4.43±0.46 mmol/L, 10.56±3.07 mU/L and 0.80±0.31 respectively) (P<0.01). The levels of FINS and HOMA-IR in normal pregnancy group were significantly higher than those in normal non-pregnant group (7.56±2.31 mU/L and 0.47±0.26 respectively) (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the InsR expression level among the three groups (P>0.05). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation was significantly decreased in GDM group (0.20±0.05) as compared with normal pregnancy group (0.26±0.06) (P<0.01). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation in normal pregnancy group was lower than that in normal non-pregnant group (0.31±0.06) (P<0.01). TP of InsR with insulin stimulation was negatively related with HOMA-IR in GDM group (r=-0.525, P<0.01). There was no correlation between the protein expression of InsR and HOMA-IR in GDM group (r=-0.236, P>0.05). It was suggested that there is no significant correlation between the protein expression of InsR in skeletal muscle and IR in GDM, but changes in TP of InsR are associated with IR in GDM.