OBJECTIVE:To initiate punitive compensation system in drug field to make up the insufficiency in the legislation of legal liability of drug injury events,regulate unlawful act of pharmaceutical enterprises and enhance supervision efficiency in drug field. METHODS: The definition and function,etc. of the punitive compensation system were studied by reviewing the pertinent legal clauses both at home and abroad,furthermore,the necessity of initiating the punitive compensation system in China was analyzed and the application conditions of the punitive compensation system was put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: It is urgent to initiate the punitive compensation system in drug field and establish a punitive system with Chinese characteristics. It is advisable to initiate the related contents in Pharmaceutical Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China and define the application conditions of the punitive compensation system as well as the way to establish the amount of compensation,etc.

Abortion, Missed ; chemically induced ; Adult ; Carbon Disulfide ; adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Occupational Exposure ; adverse effects ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Time Factors

Adult ; Aged ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Embolism, Fat ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Intracranial Embolism ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multimodal Imaging ; Neuroimaging ; methods ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVETo investigate various activities of dissolved matter of glycyrrhizic acid of Radix Glycyrrhizae and the powder by supermicro-pulverization.

METHODThe contents of glycyrrhizic acid in different samples were tested.

RESULTThe dissolved matter of glycyrrhizic acid was greatly increased by supermicro-pulverization. The more time used for grinding, the smaller the size of the powder, and the easier the glycyrrhizic acid would be dissolved.

CONCLUSIONSupermicro-pulverization is helpful to the dissolved matter of glycyrrhizic acid of Radix Glycyrrhizae, and the size of powder exerts great influence on dissolved matter of glycyrrhizic acid.

Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Glycyrrhiza ; chemistry ; Glycyrrhizic Acid ; analysis ; Particle Size ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Powders ; Solubility

Objective To study the risk factors related with progressive hemorrhagic injury (PHI)after severe head injury for a view to early diagnosis and treatment for this disease and providing a basis for effective prevention. Methods In a retrospective study of 262 patients with severe brain injury in considering the clinical data of the PHI, the occurrence is variable, and age, gender, bleeding site, type of bleeding, dilated pupils starus, level of systolic blood pressure on admission, time of CT for the first time,GOS scores, injured mechanism, interval between first and second time CT, application of high-dose mannitol, platelet (PLT) count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial prothrombin time (APTT) were considered as independent variables. Results The incidence rate of having PHI was 47.7% (125/262);single-factor analysis revealed that, as compared with those in patients with non-PHI, 7 factors in patients with PHI were significantly different, namely, age, type of hemorrhage, interval between injury and first-time CT, GCS scores, PLT count, PT and APTT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the results showed that interval between injury and first-time CT, GCS scores, PLT count were the risk factors of having PHI, and their OR values were 3.5448, 3.2975 and 2.2361, respectively. Conclusion For patients with severe brain injury, the sooner the first time CT examination is performed, the lower the GCS scores are and the lower the PLT count is, the higher risk of having PHI is. Thus, dynamic CT formal review is suggested to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of PHI.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; blood ; pathology ; virology ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Hepatitis B ; blood ; virology ; Hepatitis B virus ; genetics ; Humans ; Liver ; pathology ; virology ; Liver Neoplasms ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged

Acute Disease ; Adult ; Aged ; Aneurysm, Dissecting ; complications ; Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic ; complications ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Artery Disease ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of escharectomy during shock stage on systemic and intestinal immune function and its mechanism in scalded rats.

METHODSNinety-six Wistar rats were employed in the study of which 8 were used as normal control group. The donor skin from the trunk in twenty-four rats were preserved in liquid nitrogen. The other 64 rats were subjected to 30% full-thickness scalding, and they were randomly divided into A (n = 24, no treatment after scalding), B (n = 24) and C (n = 16) groups. Physiological saline was intraperitoneally injected (50 ml/kg) on the 24 post-scalding hours to the rats in the B and C groups. The rats in B group underwent escharectomy during shock stage, and the excision wounds were covered with the cryo-preserved alloskin. The rats in C group received the same treatment as in B group but at 72 post-scalding hours. The change in the proliferative ability of splenic lymphocytes, the plasma and intestinal tissue content of interleukin 2 (IL-2), the contents of sIgA in intestinal mucus, and the content of DAO in the intestinal tissue were observed on 2, 4 and 8 post burn days (PBD) in A and B groups and also on 4 and 8 PBD in C group, respectively.

RESULTSThe splenocytic proliferative ability, IL-2 level in the plasma and intestinal tissue, and the sIgA content in intestinal mucus in the rats in A, B and C groups were lower than that in control group at all time points (P < 0.05). The proliferative ability of splenic lymphocytes in B group on 4 and 8 PBD and in C group on 8 PBD respectively was similar to that in control group. Whereas the IL-2 content in plasma and in intestinal tissue was higher in B and C groups than that in A group (P < 0.01). The sIgA content in intestinal mucus in B group was twice of that in C group respectively [(3.51 +/- 2.14) mg/g vs (1.40 +/- 0.64) mg/g, (3.03 +/- 0.95) mg/g vs (1.52 +/- 1.26) mg/g (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01)] on 4 and 8 PBD. The DAO activity in the intestinal tissue in A group was lower than that in control and B group (P < 0.05) on 4 and 8 PBD.

CONCLUSIONEscharectomy during shock stage might be beneficial to the recovery of the systemic and intestinal immune functions in rats with scalding injury.

Animals ; Burns ; immunology ; surgery ; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory ; immunology ; Interleukin-2 ; immunology ; Intestines ; immunology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Shock, Traumatic ; immunology ; surgery ; Skin Transplantation ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo explore the influence of silver nanoparticle dressing on prevention of infection and healing of the second degree burn wound.

METHODSOne hundred and ninety-one burn patients with second degree including superficial and deep burn wound were randomly divided into three groups. Group A including 65 cases was treated by silver nanoparticle dressing on wounds, and group B (63 cases) and group C (63 cases) were treated by 1% silver sulfadiazine cream and vaseline gauze on their wounds, respectively. Dressing was changed daily, and wound swab bacterial cultures were performed before and after dressing change, and also wound healing times were recorded in each patient.

RESULTSGroup A and B were similar in their bacterium colonizations on wound after treatment with the silver nanoparticle dressing and 1% silver sulfadiazine cream, and they had a similar effect on reducing bacterium colonization on wound after treatment, while in vaseline gauze group bacterium colonization on wound increased after treatment. In group A the wound healing time of superficial second degree was significantly shorter than those in group B and group C (P < 0.01). In deep second degree wounds the healing time in group A was much shorter than that in group C (P < 0.01), but had no significant difference when compared with group B (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSilver nanoparticle dressing can be used on second degree burn wound and can decrease the risk of wound infection and accelerate wound healing.

Adult ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local ; therapeutic use ; Bandages ; Burns ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Particle Size ; Petrolatum ; therapeutic use ; Silver ; therapeutic use ; Silver Sulfadiazine ; therapeutic use ; Surgical Sponges ; Wound Healing ; drug effects ; Wound Infection ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVETo detect and distinguish Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) quickly in epidemiology and investigate the distribution of S. mutans in the oral of children with rampant caries.

METHODSDesigned minor groove binder (MGB) probes according to the gtf gene of S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Detected 9 reference strains of Streptococcus mutans group by MGB probes in real time and after cultivation. Evaluated the results of these two methods. 92 dental plaques from pre-school children with rampant caries were detected in real time with MGB probes.

RESULTSThe primers could amplify the target sequences specificity and distinguished S. mutans and S. sobrinus from each other using MGB probes. Though the fluorescence occurred earlier in S. mutans than in S. sobrinus, they had the same results in nature. In 92 children with rampant caries, the detective ratio of S. mutans was 96.7% and that of S. sobrinus was 32.6%. All the samples which could detect S. sobrinus were positive for S. mutans.

CONCLUSIONThe primers and probe designed from gtf genes of S. mutans and S. sobrinus can amplify the target sequence and distinguish them from each other in real time.

Child ; Dental Caries ; Dental Plaque ; Humans ; Streptococcus mutans ; Streptococcus sobrinus