Objective To evaluate the inhibitory effect of highly selective M4 receptor antagonist MT3 on the form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs and its potential mechanism. Methods Thirty?two healthy male guinea pigs were ran?domly divided into three groups:control group, form deprivation group, and form deprivation + MT3 group, 8 animals in each group. Refraction was measured by retinoscopy after cycloplegia before and after the experiment. The ocular biological dimensions were measured by A?scan ultrasound. RT?PCR was used to detect the relative expression of TGF?β2 mRNA in the retina and choroid. Results Compared with the right eyes of control group, the right eyes of form deprivation + MT3 group developed relative myopia of -1?44 ± 0?50 D (right?left eye) (P =0?001). The vitreous chamber depth and axial length of the right eyes were significantly prolonged by 0?10 ± 0?02 mm and 0?14 ± 0?07 mm (P<0?001, P<0?001), respectively, but the increases of myopia and axial length were significantly smaller than that of the form deprivation group (P<0?001, P<0?001, P<0?001). Down?regulation of relative mRNA expression of TGF?β2 in retina and choroid was found in the form deprivation group (P<0?001, P =0?014) compared with the right eyes of the control group, while up?regulation of relative mRNA expression of TGF?β2 in retina and choroid was found in the form deprivation + MT3 group ( P<0?001, P<0?001). Conclusions MT3 can inhibit the development of form deprivation myopia in guinea pigs, which may play an important role by the regulation of TGF?β2 mRNA level in the retina and choroid.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a common malignancy of digestive system. Tumor markers are important for the early diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-Ⅱ (PIVKA-Ⅱ) is of high specificity and sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. In addition, previous studies suggested that PIVKA-Ⅱ played a role in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and could be used for prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. This article reviewed the recent advances in the underlying biological mechanism of PIVKA-Ⅱ in hepatocellular carcinoma and concluded the value of PIVKA-Ⅱ in hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis.

Objective:Elderly patients with sarcopenia and cognitive impairment are prone to experiencing more severe adverse events.This study aimed to analyze body composition and gait characteristics in this population, as well as to identify sensitive gait indicators of sarcopenia in individuals with cognitive impairment.Methods:A total of 200 elderly individuals from 3 different nursing homes in Suzhou were recruited for this study.The participants' overall cognitive function was assessed using the Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment(MoCA-BJ), body composition was evaluated through bioelectrical impedance analysis, and gait was assessed using a wearable gait analysis system.Gait predictors of sarcopenia with cognitive impairment were then identified and used to construct predictive models.Results:The study encompassed 83 participants, divided into three groups: 35 in the control group(cognitively normal, without sarcopenia), 24 in the sarcopenia with mild cognitive impairment(MCI)group, and 24 in the sarcopenia with dementia group.When compared to the control group, individuals in the sarcopenia with MCI group exhibited lower Skeletal Muscle Mass Index[(5.6±0.8)kg/m 2vs.(7.4±0.8)kg/m 2], Total Protein[(6.7±1.1)kg vs.(8.9±1.5)kg], and Arm Muscle Circumference[(21.4±1.7)cm vs.(24.1±2.3)cm](all P<0.05).Similarly, in comparison to the control group, those in the sarcopenia with dementia group displayed a shorter stride length[(0.45±0.17)m vs.(0.65±0.22)m], slower gait speed[(0.38±0.13)m/s vs.(0.55±0.18)m/s], smaller turn velocity[(89.8±23.4)degrees/s vs.(116.8±26.3)degrees/s], and longer turn duration[(3.2±0.5)s vs.(2.8±0.3)s](all P<0.05).Notably, turn duration was identified as having predictive value for sarcopenia with MCI[Area under the curve(AUC)=0.673, sensitivity 70.8%, specificity 68.6%], while a model incorporating age and turn velocity demonstrated strong predictive power for sarcopenia with dementia(AUC=0.87, sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 85.7%). Conclusions:Compared to the control group, the group with both sarcopenia and cognitive impairment exhibited lower levels of muscle strength, nutritional status, and gait performance.This study also introduced the concept that gait indicators associated with turns could be a significant predictor of sarcopenia in individuals with cognitive impairment.Furthermore, the use of wearable devices for gait assessment may offer a novel approach to identifying these at-risk individuals.