Apelin is the endogenous ligand of a G protein-coupled receptor called APJ, its propeptide is an X-linked and coded peptide with 77 amino acids. Apelin/apelin receptor system is widely distributed in the body and is involved in various physiological and pathological regulations. It has been demonstrated that apelin is associated with the occurrence and development of many diseases, including angiocardiopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, nephropathy, cancer, endocrine disease, and so on. Currently, studies on apelin in nervous system have been developed gradually. This article focuses on apelin and summarizes the distribution and pathophysiological roles of apelin in nervous system, as well as in the occurrence and development of diseases associated with nervous system.

The whole length mouse interferon-gamma (mIFN-?) cDNA was obtained using RT-PCR and was introduced into mouse hepatoma cell line H22 by retroviral vector. We examined the tumorigenicity of mIFN-? gene modified H22 in experimental animals. The results indicated that the gene modified tumor cells had less tumorigenicity than the parental tumor cells and the tumor vaccine had therapeatic effects on tumor-bearing animals.

Objective To investigate the technique and instrument improvement of laparoscopic choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage. Methods A total of 42 cases of gall stones complicated with common bile duct stones entered the study. During the operation, we exposed the common bile duct before the removal of the gall bladder, opened the common bile duct by a self-made bile duct scalpel, removed the stones by open instruments laparoscopically, and performed choledochofiberscopic examinations and T-tube drainages. Results All the 42 operations were successfully accomplished without the conversion to open surgery. The operation time (exclusive of that of LC) was 80～180 min (mean, 96 min). All the patients got out of bed and received liquids within 24 hours after the surgery. The postoperative hospital stay was 5～9 days (mean, 6 days). The T-tube was removed 3 weeks after the operation in the absence of residual stones or stenosis of bile duct under T-tube choledochography. Follow-up for 6～48 months (mean, 23 months) in 38 cases found no recurrence of stones or biliary tract symptoms. Conclusions The modified laparoscopic choledocholithotomy with T-tube drainage, which shortens the operation time, is an effective and safe method for the treatment of common bile duct stones.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of ?-endorphin in hippocampus after high power microwave (HPM) radiation. Methods 50 male Wistar rats were sacrificed at 6h, 1d, 3d, 7d, 14d, 28 days after exposure to 12mW/cm~2 HPM imitational source radiation. The hippocampus was harvested, the characteristics of injury to the hippocampus and expression of ?-endorphin were evaluated by means of light microscope, EM, immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Results In the neutrons of hippocampus, mitochondrial swelling and myelin sheath confluence and dissociation were observed 6 hours after radiation, and mitochondrial swelling, cavitation, disruption of crista, concentration margining of chromatin, blurring of synaptic cleft, piling or evacuation of vesicles were observed 3 days after HPM radiation. The expression of ?-endorphin in cytoplasm of neurons was up-regulated continuously from 1 to 7 days, peaking at 7 days, restoring to normal level from 14 to 28 days after radiation. Conclusion HPM can produce injury to the hippocampus at histological and ultrastructural levels. The expression of ?-endorphin is up-regulated, and it might play an important role in the pathophysiological process of injury and repair in the hippocampus.

Since saliva has been widely used as a fluid for monitoring drug concentrations, both saliva and serum samples were collected after multiple injections of Norethisterone Enanthate ( NET-OEN ) 50mg and Estradiol Valerate ( EV ) 5mg from 10 women. The concentration of NET in saliva was measured by RIA using diluted antisera working solution and serum NET level was measured by RIA according to our lab. regular method. The assay was running very well. The phar- macokinetics of NET in saliva were observed from the data obtained. The time to reach peak levels in saliva was 5d after injection, which was similar to the Tmax of NET in blood. Mean peak values of NET in saliva were about 220, 218, and 158 ng/L which were almost 1/30 to 1/40 of the Cmax of NET in serum (8506, 6888, and 5619 ng/L) for 1st, 6th, and 12th injections. The concentration of NET in saliva showed to be very closely related to the serum NET concentration in the same subject, and the correlation coefficients were 0.86, 0.83, and 0.80 ( P

AIM To establish an HPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous content determination of four constituents in Compound Kendir Leaves Tablets Ⅰ (Apocyni veneti Folium,Chrysanthemi indici Flos,Stephaniae tetrandrae Radix,etc.).METHODS The analysis of 50％ methanol extract of this drug was performed on a 35 ℃ thermostatic Shimadzu VP-ODS column (250 mm × 4.6 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of methanol-0.5％ phosphoric acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelengths were set at 260 nm and 325 nm.RESULTS Chlorogenic acid,hydrochlorothiazide,buddleodide and promethazine hydrochloride showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 24.91-498.2 ng (r =0.999 9),286.33-5 726.7 ng (r =0.999 9),10.04-200.9 ng (r =0.999 9) and 154.80-3 096.1 ng (r =0.999 9),whose average recoveries were 98.3％ (RSD =1.3％),99.1％ (RSD =0.6％),98.5％ (RSD =1.0％) and 99.3％ (RSD =1.2％),respectively.CONCLUSION This simple,accurate and reliable method can be used for the quality control of Compound Kendir Leaves Tablets Ⅰ.

Objective To investigate the cytotoxic effects and mechanism of PNP-CD chimeric gene vector originated from PNP/MeP-dR system on HCC cells. Methods The fusion suicide gene PNP-CD obtained by site directed mutagenesis technique was subcloned into pcDNA3.0 to construct a eukaryotic expression vector containing a chimeric gene, pcDNA3.0/ PNP-CD. After being identified by recombinant enzyme, PCR and subsequent sequencing, it was transfected into HepG2 cells by liposome-mediation method. The G418-resistant cellular clone with stable transfection of pcDNA3.0/PNP-CD, HepG2/PNP-CD was established by selection. The expression of PNP-CD gene was also verified by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The curve of cellular growth was assayed by Trypan blue exclusion. The cellular sensitivity of HepG2/PNP-CD to its specific prodrugs and its bystander effects were also assayed by MTT method. Results The chimeric gene, PNP-CD, was inserted into pcDNA3.0 correctly, and the stable expression of pcDNA3.0/PNP-CD in HepG2 cells was confirmed.This cellular clone was highly sensitive to its corresponding prodrugs. It was indicated that its bystander effects with the synergetic treatment of its specific prodrugs were substantially higher than those caused by the same vector with the administration of only a single prodrug, MeP-dR. Conclusion The bi-functional fusion suicide gene vector, pcDNA3.0/PNP-CD, yields powerful cytotoxic effects on HCC cells in the presence of the synergetic treatment of its specific prodrugs, which would be a high-performance therapeutic vector in gene therapy for liver cancer.

ObjectiveTo explore the role of risk management in reducing the nursing risk of junior nurses in operation room. Method The risk management was implemented among junior nurses in operation room including establishing training groups for risk management,establishing instructor system,classifying nursing risk events and formulating operation room nursing risk monitoring. Result After risk management,the rate of risk events in the junior nurses was lowered as compared to pre-enforcement of the risk management(P<0.001).Conclusions The risk management can improve the risk awareness of junior nurses in operation room and reduce the incidence of nursing risk events.

With the expansion of herbal medicine (HM) market, the issue on how to apply up-to-date analytical tools on qualitative analysis of HMs to assure their quality, safety and efficacy has been arousing great attention. Due to its inherent characteristics of accurate mass measurements and multiple stages analysis, the integrated strategy of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS) is well-suited to be performed as qualitative analysis tool in this field. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the potential of this integrated strategy, including the review of general features of LC-IT-MS and LC-TOF-MS, the advantages of their combination, the common procedures for structure elucidation, the potential of LC-hybrid-IT-TOF/MS and also the summary and discussion of the applications of the integrated strategy for HM qualitative analysis (2006-2011). The advantages and future developments of LC coupled with IT and TOF-MS are highlighted.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ( MgIG) in the treatment of patients with liver damage after closed abdominal trauma. Methods:Totally 84 cases of patients with closed abdominal trauma were randomly divided into the observation group (n=42) and the control group (n=42) according to the random number table. The control group was given the conventional treatment, while the observation group was treated with MgIG additionally. The treatment course was 14d. The clinical efficacy and the level changes of albumin, prealbumin, TBiL, AST and ALT before and after the treatment in the two groups were stud-ied and compared, and the adverse reactions during the treatment course were also compared between the groups. Results: The total effective rate of the observation group (90. 48%) was significantly higher than that of the control group(69. 05%, P<0. 05). After the treatment, the plasma albumin and prealbumin levels in both groups were significantly increased (P<0. 05), and those in the ob-servation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0. 05). The serum TBiL, AST and ALT levels in both groups were significantly decreased after the treatment (P<0. 05), and those in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0. 05). There was no serious adverse reaction during the treatment course in both groups. Conclusion:MgIG in the treatment of liver damage after closed abdominal trauma shows notable effect, which can improve liver function obviously with high safety and reliability.