Apelin is the endogenous ligand of a G protein-coupled receptor called APJ, its propeptide is an X-linked and coded peptide with 77 amino acids. Apelin/apelin receptor system is widely distributed in the body and is involved in various physiological and pathological regulations. It has been demonstrated that apelin is associated with the occurrence and development of many diseases, including angiocardiopathy, pulmonary arterial hypertension, nephropathy, cancer, endocrine disease, and so on. Currently, studies on apelin in nervous system have been developed gradually. This article focuses on apelin and summarizes the distribution and pathophysiological roles of apelin in nervous system, as well as in the occurrence and development of diseases associated with nervous system.

Objective To investigate the effects of bortezomib on cellular migration and invasion ability in cuhured human prostatic cancer cells DU145 and its mechanism.Methods Transwell method was used to detect cell migration.Invasion was assayed by Matrigel-coated invasion chambers.Expressions of FAK and Tyr397 proteins were analyzed by Western blot.Results After treated by bortezomib at the concentration of 10,20 nmol/L for 24 h,the invasion index of DU145 cells were (69.05±10.56) and (52.55±6.98),they were gradually reduced compared with untreated group (81.55±10.56) (P ＜ 0.05).The migration index were (39.35±6.45),(32.05±4.22),they were also reduced compared with untreated group (58.75±5.41) (P ＜ 0.05).The group of treated by bortezomib showed Tyr397 protein expression had been suppressed.However FAK protein had not marked change.Conclusions FAK is involved in the regulation of cellular migration and invasion function.Bortezomib might inhibit cells migration and invasion function by down regulation of Tyr397 expression.

Objective To study the signal transduction pathway of norepinephrine (NE)-induced expressions of oncogenes c-fos and c-myc in the rat heart. Methods mRNA levels of c-fos and c-myc in the left ventricle of the Langendorff-perfused rat heart was quantitated by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results NE increased the expressions of c-fos and c-myc while the effects of NE on the expressions of c-fos and c-myc were blocked by ? 1-adrenergic blocker prazosin (5?10 -6 mol/L) completely. Neomycin (5 mmol/L) and ruthenium red (10 ?mol/L) decreased the NE-induced c-fos and c-myc mRNA levels. Conclusion NE can induce the expressions of oncogenes c-fos and c-myc in the ventricle mediated by ? 1-adrenergic receptor. The signal transduction pathway of NE-induced c-fos and c-myc expressions may be associated with inositol phosphates-Ca 2+ system and diacylglycerol-protein kinase C system.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate ( MgIG) in the treatment of patients with liver damage after closed abdominal trauma. Methods:Totally 84 cases of patients with closed abdominal trauma were randomly divided into the observation group (n=42) and the control group (n=42) according to the random number table. The control group was given the conventional treatment, while the observation group was treated with MgIG additionally. The treatment course was 14d. The clinical efficacy and the level changes of albumin, prealbumin, TBiL, AST and ALT before and after the treatment in the two groups were stud-ied and compared, and the adverse reactions during the treatment course were also compared between the groups. Results: The total effective rate of the observation group (90. 48%) was significantly higher than that of the control group(69. 05%, P<0. 05). After the treatment, the plasma albumin and prealbumin levels in both groups were significantly increased (P<0. 05), and those in the ob-servation group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0. 05). The serum TBiL, AST and ALT levels in both groups were significantly decreased after the treatment (P<0. 05), and those in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0. 05). There was no serious adverse reaction during the treatment course in both groups. Conclusion:MgIG in the treatment of liver damage after closed abdominal trauma shows notable effect, which can improve liver function obviously with high safety and reliability.

Objective To investigate antiproliferative activity of endostatin(ES), the combining effect of Endostar and radiation on VEGF and apoptosis of the A549 human lung adenoearcinoma cell line.Methods The cell of exponential phase of growth were divided into the control, radiation alone, ES alone,radiation after ES(ES→RT), ES after radiation(RT→ES), radiation and ES at equal paee (RT+ES), γ-ray radiation at a dose of 2 Gy, single fracination irradiation, YH-16 10 μg/ml in the cell culture bottle. The combining effect was quantified by the survival curve. ELISA was used to observe the VEGF of radiation with ES on A549 cell lines. Apoptosis was observed by Hoeehst staining. Results There showed that both of ES and combining treatment had the function of antiproliferative. But the union treatment's function was more obvious (P＜0.05). The expression of VEGF in ES and the combining treatment group was more lower than others (P＜0.05). On apoptosis, the rate of apoptosis in ES, RT, combining treatment group was higher than others (P＜0.05). Conclusion On antiproliferative activity and rate of apoptosis, the combining of ES and radiation is better than to use them alone. To reduce VEGF of the A549 human lung adenocareinoraa cell line by ES could enhance radioresponse. There is no evidences to show that the expression of VEGF is concerned with the different choronological order of radiation and ES.

Objective To investigate the prevention and mechanism of Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy(ESW) induced renal Injury by pre-treating kidneys with low-energy shock waves(LESW).Methods Forty healthy female domestic rabbits were surgically managed to the mono-nephron models and random divided into 4 groups consisting of ten each: Control,LESW,ESW and ESWL plus LESW pretreated groups.LESW group received 100 LESW,ESW group received 1500 standard ESW,and same dose on ESW group except 100 LESW pretreatment in ESW plus LESW pretreated group.The rabbit kidney tissues were obtained 24 hours after ESW.Activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) levels in the renal tissue,and the level of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase(NAG) in urinary were measured.Renal cell apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP Nick End Labelling(TUNEL).Results The MDA,the urinary level of NAG and rate of apoptosis in the LESW groups were reduced(P<0.01),and the activity of SOD increased significantly(P<0.05) as compared with ESW group,and these changes in LESW group had no statistics difference compared with the control group(P>0.05).Conclusions LESW pretreatment protocol substantially limits the renal injury that often caused by ESW.LESW may suppress oxidative stress and antagonize the process of renal cellular apoptosis.

Purpose Protein is the main influencing factors for diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) signals and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), it results in hyperintensity on DWI and low ADC, but not fully matched in clinic. This paper aims to investigate the effect of protein type and concentration on the signal intensity (SI) and ADC of DWI. Materials and Methods Different concentrations of albumin, globulin solution and the mixed solution were created in vitro. DWI was performed on GE 1.5T superconducting nuclear MRI system. Results ① There was a linear negative correlation between the ADC value and the concentrations of protein solution (at 37℃, ra= - 0.849, Pa<0.05; rg= - 0.843, Pg<0.05; at 40℃, ra= - 0.894, Pa<0.05; rg= - 0.819, Pg<0.05);there was a linear positive correlation between the SI of DWI and the concentrations of the albumin solution (at 37℃, r=0.753, P<0.05; at 40℃, r=0.845, P<0.05). There was no correlation between the SI of DWI and the concentrations of the globulin solution (at 37℃, r= - 0.222, P>0.05; at 40℃ , r= - 0.270, P>0.05). ② SI of the albumin solution was significantly higher than the globulin solution at the same concentration and temperature (t=3.96, P<0.001); the ADC values were not statistically different between the albumin and the globulin solution (t=0.61, P>0.05). Conclusion The nature of the cystic fluid can be understood preliminarily through quantitative analysis of the cystic fluid DWI and ADC values, so as to provide theoretical basis for the qualitative diagnosis of cystic lesions in vivo.

Objective To evaluate the clinical results of three dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for esophageal carcinoma. Methods From May 1999 to May 2001, 104 patients with pathologically confirmed esophageal carcinoma were randomly divided into conventional radiotherapy (CT) and three dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3DCRT) groups, with 52 patients in each arm. The patients in CT group received conventional radiotherapy in 2.0?Gy/f, 5 fractions a week to a total dose of 70?Gy in 7 weeks. The patients in 3DCRT group were first treated by the same fractionation in CT group to the dose of 40?Gy, and then treated by 3DCRT in 3.0?Gy/f, 5 fractions a week to the total dose of 70?Gy in 6 weeks. Results The 1-and 3-year local control rates were 80.2% and 60.5% in 3DCRT group and 61.6% and 31.7% in CT group(?2 = 4.87, P

Objective To develop a laser treatment machine for the benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH),which can both avoid the transurethral resection symptoms(TURS) and rapidly remove the big BPH.Methods The machine adopted a long plus laser with 80W average power and 1000W peak value power in order to rapidly vaporize the neoplasm.Because of its high power,short operation time and small thermal penetraction depth,it could avoid the post-operation edema of the organ is resulted from the concretion of traditional continuous-wavelength YAG laser.The control system based on AT89C51 dominated the laser power,and meanwhile,it monitored the process to protect the machine.It was connected with the Hospital Information System(HIS) via RS232.Results The chicken breast tissues were irradiated with the sample machine under water,and the groove irradiated by laser was 4mm in width and 2.5mm in depth with the irradiation speed of 5mm/s.The arbonation of tissue surface was slight and the thermal damage to the adjacent tissues was the minimal.Conclusion This machine can rapidly vaporize the neoplasm with the minimal thermal damage to the adjacent non-irradiated tissues.It is desirable for the treatment of big BPH.

Objective To study the signal transduction pathway for myocyte contraction induced by Substance K (SK) in rats. Methods The fluorescent Ca 2+ indicator Fluo 3AM was used to quantitate the calcium signal directly in the primary cultured myocardial cells. Changes of free Ca 2+ concentration in cardiac myocytes were detected by flow cytometry. The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, neomycin and IP3 receptor antagonist, heparin, were used to block signal system of phosphates Ca 2+ in order to investigate whether they took part in the SK induced changes of [Ca 2+ ]i in myocytes. Results SK(1.78?10 -5 mol/L) elevated [Ca 2+ ]i in myocytes. The effects could be blocked by neomycin and heparin. Conclusion SK can elevate [Ca 2+ ]i in myocyte, which may be mediated by a signal system of phosphates Ca 2+ .