Objective To explore the eftect of SS31 peptide on autophagy after spinal cord injury (SCI) and possible mechanism.Methods Allen nethod was used to construct the spinal cord injury model in rats.Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham surgery group (sham group),SCI group and SS31 peptide group,with 30 rats in each group.The sham group only received laminectomy.The rats in SCI group were sustained SCI and were given no intervention.The rats in SS31 group received SS31 peptide injection after SCI.Scores of Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) motor functions were assessed at 6 h,1,3,7 and 14 d after the injury.The changes in related proteins of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ were also detected.Results Scores of BBB scale at 6 h and at days 1,3,7 and 14 after injury in SCI group (0,1.7 ±0.4,3.5 ±0.6,6.1 ±0.7,10.1 ±0.6) and SS31 peptide group (0,2.5 ±0.7,4.1 ±0.7,9.3 ±0.6,13.4 ±0.6) were lower than that in sham group (21 at all time points) (P ＜0.05).Scores of BBB scale at days 7 and 14 after injury in SS31 peptide group (9.3 ±0.6,13.4 ±0.6) was higher than that in SCI group (6.1 ± 0.7,10.1 ± 0.6) (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference upon scores of BBB scale of SS31 peptide group at 6 h and at days 1 and 3 after injury (0,2.5 ±0.7,4.1 ± 0.7),compared with SCI group (0,1.7 ± 0.4,3.5 ± 0.6) (P ＞ 0.05).Compared with sham group,the expression of Beclin-1 in SCI group and SS31 peptide group was increased,reached a peak at day 3 (1.478 ± 0.030,1.841 ± 0.051),remained high level at day 7 (1.302 ± 0.049,1.551 ± 0.032) and showed high expression at day 14 (1.252 ±0.048,1.471 ± 0.062) (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with sham group,the expression of LC3-Ⅱ in SCI group and SS31 peptide group also increased,reached a peak at day 3 (0.348 ± 0.028,0.655 ± 0.052),remained high level at day 7 (0.301 ± 0.053,0.432 ± 0.052) and also showed high expression at day 14 (0.268 ± 0.049,0.371 ± 0.052) (P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ in SS31 peptide group at day 3 after injury were 1.841 ± 0.051 and 0.455 ± 0.052,higher than that in SCI group (1.478 ± 0.030,0.348 ± 0.028) (P ＜ 0.05).In SS31 peptide group at 6 h and days 1,7 and 14 after injury,the expressions of Beclin-1 (0.582 ± 0.028,0.723 ±0.049,1.551 ±0.032,1.471 ±0.062) and LC3-Ⅱ (0.172 ±0.031,0.256 ±0.051,0.432 ± 0.052,0.371 ± 0.052) had no significant difference in comparison with corresponding expressions of Beclin-1 (0.584 ±0.021,0.642 ±0.051,1.302 ±0.049,1.252 ±0.048) and LC3-Ⅱ (0.156 ± 0.019,0.184±0.050,0.301 ±0.053,0.268 ±0.049) in SCI group (P＞0.05).Conclusion SS31 peptide can improve motor function and enhance the autophagy of nerve cells after SCI in rats,which may be one of the mechanisms for SS31 peptide treating spinal cord injury.

Objective To evaluate the safety of heparin used in plasma exchange (PE) and molecular absorbent recirculating system (MARS) for hepatic failure. Methods 8 databases were electronically searched including CNKI,CBM,WANFANG,VIP,PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane and EMBASE.Two researchers individually performed the literature screening,data extraction and evaluation of risk of bias.Random or fixed effect model based on the result of the test of heterogeneity were chosento synthesize the datausing RevMan 5.3 software. Results 6 eligible studies with 863 patientswere included. Compared to omitting of heparin, the heparin PE could increase the probability of circuit clotting, hemorrhage in puncture point, puncture hematoma (RR = 6.05, 95% CI:2.00-18.30, P=0.001;RR=10.80,95% CI:4.78-24.37,P<0.05;RR=6.34,95% CI:1.13-35.53,P=0.04),but the probability of circuit blocking and other adverse reactions are not influenced(RR=5.61,95% CI:0.99-31.89,P=0.05;RR = 1.17,95% CI: 0.73-1.86, P=0.51). As for the treatment with MARS, heparin could increase the chance bleeding death (RR =12.04, 95% CI:1.69-85.66, P=0.01), but had no obvious effect on circuit clotting. Conclusion When curing the hepatic failure,heparin PE can increase the probability of circuit clotting, hemorrhage in puncture point and puncture hematoma, and heparin MARSE can increase the probability of bleeding death. On the contrary, no-heparin PE and MARSE will be safer in treatment of hepatic failure.