Objective To evaluate the incidence and the causes of the intra-and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)leakage during transsphenoidal surgical removal of pituitary adenomas,and discuss the sella closure methods.Method During the period from January 1998 to May 2008,118 patients underwent 134 transsphenoidal operations for pituitary adenomas.Two different methods to close the sella were used.The first one consisted packing the sella turcica and sphenoidal sinus with autologous fat and restoring the defect of sella turcica with autologous bone.In the second method,tht regenerated oxidized cellulose and collagen sponge with human fibrin were used to cover the seUa membrane defect and the dural defect,followed by packing the seHa with autologous fat.Proportions of each type of pituitary adenomas were analyzed.The frequency of the intra-and postoperative CSF leakage were evaluated in different type tumors and different operations.Data had been studied by statistical analysis.Results The incidence rate of intraoperative CSF leakage(26.5%,9/34)Was obviously increased in patients with growth homone adenoma compared with other type of adenoma(13.0%,13/100).Patients with invasive adenoma had an increased incidence rate of intraoperative CSF leakage(21.1%,8/38)compared with noninvasive adenoma(14.6%,14/96)(P＜0.05).When the descent of the sella turcica membrane Was visualized with tumor being totally removed,the incidence rate of intraoperative CSF leakage increased(18.7%,20/107)compared with when membrane descent was not seen with tumor remaining(7.4%,2/27)(P＜0.05).There were 3 cases postoperative CSF leakage happened in all 12 cases which adopted the first method. By the second method,there was no postoperative CSF leakage,and the number of postoperative complications was significantly smaller than the first method (10.0% and 33.3%,respectively). Conclusions The technique of covering the sella membrane and dural defects with oxidized cellulose and collagen sponge with human fibrin in the presence of intraoperative CSF leakage appears to be the most reliable,as no postoperative CSF leakage after applying this technique has been observed.

Objective To study the rule of callus culture and baicalin synthesis in Scutellaria baicalensis. Methods Callus was induced by plant cell culture technology and the content of baicalin was determind by HPLC. Results The optimal culture medium on the growth of callus and the synthesis of baicalin in S. baicalensis is: MS culture medium, 60 mmol/L (NH_4+∶NO_3-=1∶1), 0.5—1.5 mmol/L KH_2PO_4, 80 g/L sucrose, 0.3 mg/L IAA, 2 mg/L 6-BA, and 200 mg/L peptone. When it was cultured for 40 d, the total biomass reached 28.7 g/L and the content of baicalin was 167.4 mg/g, which was much higher than that of wild S. baicalensis. Conclusion The growth of S. baicalensis callus and the accumulation of baicalin are not underway simultaneously; the callus grows first and then its secondary metabolic products synthesize. It is obvious for sucrose to regulate the baicalin synthesis. When the concentration of sucrose is less than 3%, it could only promote the callus growth; when between 3% and 8%, it could greatly increase not only the callus growth but also the baicalin synthesis, when 8%, both of them arrive to the maximum content.

Objective To study the correlation of polyphenol oxidase(PPO) activity and baicalin synthesis in callus of Scutellaria baicalensisi.Methods PPO Activity was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and the content of baicalin was detected by HPLC.The effects of various substances(ascorbic acid,sodium chloride,benzoic acid,polyvinylpyrrolidone,and copper sulfate) on PPO activity and the content of baicalin were studied.Results There was no baicalin accumulation in the first 20 d of growth period, while PPO activity was expressed slowly during this period.From 20 d to 35 d,PPO activity increased significantly and the baicalin secondary synthesis was restrained.Conclusion The high-level expression of PPO activity do harm the baicalin secondary synthesis.These chemical substances,such as ascorbic acid, sodium chloride,and benzoic acid could inhibit the PPO activity and improve the content of baicalin;It is obvious for ascorbic acid(0.02%) to improve the content of baicalin with 17.6%(82.3 mg/g) compared with the control.However,polyvinylpyrrolidone and copper sulfate could increase the PPO activity and greatly inhibit the baicalin accumulation.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect and safety of arsenic trioxide (ATO) combined with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in treating patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).Methods Eighty-three cases with APL treated for the first time were divided into two groups by random digits table method:observation group with 48 cases was received combination induction treatment of ATO and ATRA,control group with 35 cases was treated with combination induction treatment of ATRA and chemotherapy.The clinical effect and adverse reaction between two groups were compared.ResultsThe effective rate and early death rate were 100.0％( 48/48 ) and 0 in observation group,97.1％(34/35 ) and 2.9％( 1/35 ) in control group,which had no significant difference between two groups(P ＞ 0.05 ).The incidences of bone marrow suppression,infection,liver and kidney damage,cardiac toxicity and gastrointestinal symptoms were 8.3％ (4/48),10.4％ (5/48),12.5％ (6/48),6.2％ (3/48) and 18.8％ (9/48) in observation group,while 97.1％(34/35),65.7％(23/35),45.7％(16/35),37.1％(13/35) and 100.0％(35/35) in control group,which had significant differences between two groups (P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionCombination treatment of ATO and ATRA in APL has an obvious effect and few adverse reaction,which can be applied in clinic.

Experimentalanimalsareimportantbasisforlifescienceresearchanddevelopment.Alongwiththe continuous development of science and technology , new technology and new ideas emerging , treatment and protection of animals during experiments are important condition to ensure the scientific results accurate and reliable , so scientists have paid more attention to the issues of animal welfare and protection .This article summarizes the animal treatment and protection measures during experiments based on both own work and experience and knowledge of other scientists .

ObjectiveToexplorethestabilityofratmodelsofsubduralhematomapreparedbysubduralinjection of different volumes of autologous blood .Methods The rats were randomly divided into sham group (36), 300μL blood group, 500 μL blood group, and 700 μL blood group (each group 60 rats).The rats of model groups received subdural injection of 300 μL, 500 μL, or 700 μL autologous blood, respectively.At the postoperative 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 14th days, blood samples were taken from the abnormal aorta , and the brains were taken out for gross examination and taking photographs , six rats were used for each time .Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) was performed to determine the content of serum NSE and S100B proteins in the rats in each group.Results Compared with the sham operation group, the serum NSE in the 300μL group was significantly increased at the 2nd and 4th days (P<0.01), and then gradually reduced at the 6th and 8th days (P<0.05), indicating that the hematoma began to disappear , and at the 10th and 14th days returned to a similar level of the sham operation group (P>0.05).In the 500 μL and 700 μL blood groups, the NSE contents at 2nd, 6th, 8th, 10th and 14th days were significantly increased ( P <0.01 ), but not significantly increased at the 4th day ( P >0.05 ).The content of S100B protein in the 300 μL blood group was significantly higher at the fourth day (P<0.01), lower at the 2nd and 6th days (P<0.05), and at 8th, 10th and 14th days was similar to that in the sham operation group ( P >0.05 for all ) , indicating that the hematoma disappeared gradually, and the damages repaired .The S100B protein content of the 500 μL and 700 μL blood groups was constantly kept at a higher level ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusions Compared with the 300 μL ad 700 μL blood groups , the rat model of subdural hematoma developed by subdural injection of 500 μL autologous blood is the best , and can be used for studies of rat subdural hematoma .

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of CT-guided puncture biopsy combined with serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and abnormal prothrombin (PIVKA-Ⅱ) in serum alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) negative primary liver cancer (PHC).Methods:Eighty patients with AFP negative PHC treatment in Fuyang Women and Children′s Hospital from January 2018 to March 2021 were selected as AFP negative PHC group, and another 85 patients diagnosed with benign liver tumor during the same period were selected as the control group retrospectively. The patients of the two groups underwent CT-guided biopsy and the levels of GGT and PIVKA-Ⅱ were detected. The single diagnostic value and combined diagnostic value of AFP negative PHC were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results:Seventy-five of the 80 patients in the AFP negative PHC group were confirmed as liver malignant lesions by biopsy, with a coincidence of 93.75%, and 84 of the 85 patients in the control group were confirmed as liver benign lesions by biopsy, with a coincidence of 98.82%. The levels of AFP, GGT and PIVKA-Ⅱ in AFP negative PHC group were significantly higher than those in the control group: (175.67 ± 39.58) μg/L vs. (18.74 ± 7.42) μg/L, (1 245.37 ± 255.41) U/L vs. (486.63 ± 89.05) U/L, (385.49 ± 30.27) AU/L vs. (25.84 ± 7.66) AU/L, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that serum AFP was positively correlated with GGT and PIVKA-Ⅱ ( r = 0.858 and 0.429, P<0.05). The results of ROC curve showed that the area under curve of CT-guided biopsy combined with GGT and PIVKA-Ⅱ in the diagnosis of AFP negative PHC was 0.877, the sensitivity was 91.19%, the specificity was 87.34%. Conclusions:CT-guided biopsy combined with GGT and PIVKA-Ⅱ detection of AFP negative PHC can effectively improve the diagnostic value.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Probiotics are expected to confer benefits on patients with constipation, but how probiotics act on constipated patients with variable stool consistencies remains unclear. We investigated the effect of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) on constipation-related symptoms, especially stool consistency, of constipated patients. METHODS: Constipated patients meeting the Rome III criteria were divided into 3 groups according to the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS): hard (hard stool [HS], BSFS < 3), normal (normal stool [NS], ≤ 3 BSFS ≤ 4), and soft (soft stool [SS], 4 < BSFS ≤ 5) stools. Subjects in each group consumed a probiotic beverage containing 1010 colony-forming units of LcS daily for 28 days. RESULTS: LcS intervention significantly alleviated constipation-related symptoms and increased defecation frequency in all subjects. Four weeks of LcS supplementation softened the hard stools in HS, hardened the soft stools in SS, and did not alter the ideal stool consistency in NS. The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were highest in SS, followed by NS and HS. LcS intervention increased the stool SCFA levels in HS but reduced or did not alter the levels in NS and SS. LcS intervention increased the Pseudobutyrivibrio and Roseburia abundances in HS and decreased the Pseudobutyrivibrio abundance in SS. CONCLUSIONS: LcS supplementation improved the constipation-related symptoms in constipated subjects. Differences in baseline stool consistency could result in different anti-constipation effects of LcS intervention. LcS balanced the stool consistency—softened the HS and hardened the SS. These effects could be associated with modulation of the gut microbiota and SCFA production.
Beverages ; China ; Constipation ; Defecation ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Lactobacillus casei ; Lactobacillus ; Probiotics ; Stem Cells

Objective To study the prevalence of common infections with soil-borne intestinal nematodes amongst kindergarten children aged 3 to 6 years in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province to provide evidence for determination of the priority of disease prevention and control.Methods Totally,1667 preschool children were selected from 14 kindergartens of Classes A,B and C in east,middle and west Hangzhou.Perianal skin Scotch Tape(a short strip of sealing cellophane pressure-sensitive tape)specimens were collected for detection of eggs of Enterobius vermicularis,and stool specimens for eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides,Ancylostoma duodenale and Trichuris trichiura by Kato-Katz method and saturated brine floatation,as well as questionnaire interview,for all the children.Results Two hundred and sixteen of 1667 children examined were found infected with common soil-borne intestinal nematodes,with an overall prevalence of 12.96%,4.44% for Enterobius vermicularis,8.28% for Ascaris lumbricoides,0.54% for Trichuris trichiura and 0.24% for Ancylostoma duodenale.Prevalence of infection of common intestinal nematodes was 7.31% in children of the Class A kindergartens,12.60% of Class B,and 21.47% of Class C,with statistically significant difference(?~2 = 49.95,P

Objective:To summarize the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas (ACCP).Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 21 patients with ACCP who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2015 to December 2019 were collected. There were 5 males and 16 females, aged (57±9)years, with a range from 41 to 74 years. Patients underwent CT and MRI examinations. Observation indicators: (1) imaging examination; (2) imaging features on CT; (3) imaging features on MRI; (4) pathological examination and immunohistochemistry staining; (5) treatment and follow-up. Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was conducted at 1, 3, 6 months after discharge and once every 6 months thereafter to detect survival of patients up to December 2019. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD. Count data were described as absolute numbers. Results:(1) Imaging examination. Of the 21 patients, 7 underwent single CT examination, 11 underwent MRI examination, and 3 underwent both CT and MRI examinations. ① Tumor shape: all the 21 patients had single tumor, including 17 showing round or quasi-round shape, and 4 showing irregular clumps. ② Tumor location: of the 21 patients, 6 had tumor located at pancreatic head, 2 had tumor located at pancreatic head and body, 2 had tumor located at pancreatic body, 4 had tumor located at pancreatic body and tail, 4 had tumor located at pancreatic tail, and 3 had had tumor located at ampulla. ③ The maximum tumor diameter was (43±29)mm, with a range from 11 to 129 mm. ④ Adjacent organ invasion: 10 of the 21 patients had invasion of adjacent organ, including 2 with invasion of stomach, spleen and left adrenal gland invasion, 4 with invasion of duodenum, 3 with invasion of duodenum and common bile duct, 1 with invasion of spleen. ⑤ Vascular invasion: 12 patients had invasion of splenic artery or splenic vein, including 1 combined with invasion of both common hepatic artery and superior mesenteric vein, 1 combined with invasion of celiac root. ⑥ Pancreatic and bile duct invasion: 8 patients had pancreatic and bile duct dilation, including 4 with bile duct and upper pancreatic duct dilation, and 4 with pancreatic duct dilation. ⑦ Lymph node metastasis: 2 patients had perineoplastic lymph node enlargement. ⑧ Other conditions: 7 patients had tumor center with cystic necrosis. Four patients had atrophy pancreatic parenchyma. Two patients had splenic vein tumor thrombosis. Two patients had cysts. One patient had multiple liver metastases. (2) Imaging features on CT. ① The solid part was dominant in the main body of the 10 patients undergoing CT examination, demostrating equal density, of which 3 cases had clear boundaries, 2 cases had pseudocapsule around the lesion, and 5 cases had low-density necrotic area in the center of lesion. ② In arterial phase of CT examination, the solid part of tumor had a lower enhancement compared with the normal pancreatic tissues in 7 patients, while the solid part of tumor had a high enhancement compared with the normal pancreatic tissues in 3 patients. ③ In delayed phase of CT examination, the tumor density was slightly lower than or equal to density of normal pancreatic parenchyma in 7 patients, showing slightly progressive enhancement, while the tumor density was slightly higher than or equal to density of normal pancreatic parenchyma in 3 patients. (3) Imaging features on MRI. ① MRI plain scan of 14 patients showed that 8 patients demostrated slightly longer T2 and slightly longer T1 signals in lesions, while 6 patients demostrated mixed signals dominated by long T2 and equal T1 signals. The area of cystic necrosis was observed in lesions of 4 patients and was not observed in 10 patients. No antiphase signal reduction was observed in the 14 patients. ② MRI dynamic enhanced scan of 12 patients showed that 11 patients presented mild progressive enhancement in lesions and 1 patient presented obvious confounding enhancement and clearance in the delayed phase. Compared with adjacent normal pancreatic parenchyma, diffused weighted imaging showed high signals in 6 cases, slightly high signals in 6 cases, and high signal halo in 2 cases. The apparent diffusion coefficient in 14 lesions was (1.22±0.14)×10 -3 mm 2/s. (4) Pathological examination and immunohistochemistry staining. Results of pathological examination in the 21 patients: acinic cell carcinoma, mixed ductal-acinic cell carcinoma, acinar-endocrine carcinoma, and atypical hyperplasia inacinus were detected in 14, 5, 1, and 1 patients, respectively. Of the 21 patients, 10 had invasion of adjacent organ, 3 had invasion of bile duct, 2 had invasion of lymph node. Results of immunohistochemistry staining in 17 patients: 17 patients had proliferation index of Ki-67 as 1%-80%; 10 out of 16 patients were positive for synaptophysin; 6 out of 16 patients were positive for CD56 protein; 2 out of 14 patients were positive for Chromogranin A; 12 out of 13 patients were positive for α-antitrypsin; 9 out of 11 patients were positive for cytokeratin; 8 patients were positive for β-catenin; 2 patients were positive for B lymphoma-10 protein. (5) Treatment and follow-up. Of the 21 patients, 10 cases underwent pancreatico-duodenectomy, 6 cases underwent pancreatic body and tail pancreatectomy combined with splenectomy, 2 cases underwent pancreatic body and tail pancreatectomy, 1 case underwent pancreatic tail tumor enucleation, 1 case underwent liver metastasis resection, and 1 case underwent ultrasound-guided pancreatic lesion puncture biopsy. All the 21 patients were followed up for (30±16)years, with a range from 2 to 52 months. There were 13 patient surviving and 8 cases of death. They had survived for (19±13)months, with a range from 2 to 35 months. Conclusions:The CT and MRI enhanced scan of ACCP showed slightly progressive enhancement, with cystic necrosis seen in the center and high signals in diffused weighted imaging. Dilation of bile duct and pancreatic duct is common in patients with pancreatic head tumors, and invasion of splenic artery and vein is common in pancreatic body and tail tumors. Calcification and cyst are rare and lesions of pancreatic head and body cause atrophy in pancreatic tail.