Objective To discuss the spatial-temporal distribution and epidemic trends of autumn-winter type scrub typhus in Shandong province,and provide scientific evidence for further study for the prevention and control of the disease.Methods The scrub typhus surveillance data during 2006-2014 were collected from Shandong Disease Reporting Information System.The data was analyzed by using software ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI Inc.,Redlands,CA,USA),GeoDa 0.9.5-i and SatScan 9.1.1.The Moran' s I,log-likelihood ratio (LLR),relative risk (RR) were calculated and the incidence choropleth maps,local indicators of spatial autocorrelation cluster maps and space scaning cluster maps were drawn.Results A total of 4 453 scrub typhus cases were reported during 2006-2014,and the annual incidence increased with year.Among the 17 prefectures (municipality) in Shandong,13 were affected by scrub typhus.The global Moran' s I index was 0.501 5 (P＜0.01).The differences in local Moran' s I index among 16 prefectures were significant (P＜0.01).The "high-high" clustering areas were mainly Wulian county,Lanshan district and Juxian county of Rizhao,Xintai county of Tai' an,Gangcheng and Laicheng districts of Laiwu,Yiyuan county of Zibo and Mengyin county of Linyi.Spatial scan analysis showed that an eastward moving trend of high-risk clusters and two new high-risk clusters were found in Zaozhuang in 2014.The centers of the most likely clusters were in the south central mountainous areas during 2006-2010 and in 2012,eastem hilly areas in 2011,2013 and 2014,and the size of the clusters expanded in 2008,2011,2013 and 2014.One spatial-temporal cluster was detected from October 1,2014 to November 30,2014,the center of the cluster was in Rizhao and the radius was 222.34 kilometers.Conclusion A positive spatial correlation and spatial agglomerations were found in the distribution of autumn-winter type scrub typhus in Shandong.Since 2006,the epidemic area of the disease has expanded and the number of high-risk areas has increased.Moreover,the eastward moving and periodically expanding trends of high-risk clusters were detected.

Objective To explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of human brucellosis in Shandong province and to provide scientific basis for the development of related regional public health strategies.Methods 1 802 diagnosed cases of human brucellosis patients were selected based on the data that was collected by Diseases Reporting Information System between year 2004 and 2012 in Shandong province.Methods on spatial thematic mapping,spatial autocorrelation analysis,spatial clustering analysis,and temporal clustering analysis were applied to describe the temporal and spatial distribution on human brucellosis cases.Results The incidence rate of human brucellosis increased from 0.038 2/100 000 (35 cases) to 0.620 5/100 000 (598 cases),with annual average incidence rate as 0.211 1/100 000 and the incidence was evidently increased.The value of M (0.375 3) showed that this disease was seasonal,with the epidemic months between March and June,accounting for 56.27％ (1 014/1 802).The Global Moran' s I index was 0.198 901 (P=0.000 120),showing that there was a positive correlation between space and the incidence of brucellosis.The incidence rates in 2006,2007,2009 and 2012 and the space distribution appeared a positive correlation (P＜0.05) in Shandong province.The local Moran's I index showed that there were 8 “High-High” (HH) clustering areas,which were proved to have statistical significance (P＜0.05).Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) revealed that southwest and north districts of Shandong were highly clustered districts of brucellosis and the areas paralleled to the areas that having higher incidence rates.There were two spatial clustering areas in this study,one as the center of Juanchen with radiation radius at 33.83 km whose RR was 9.78 (P＜0.05) and the other was the center of Binchen with radiation radius at 62.78 km with RR as 4.99 (P＜0.05).All the 8 HH counties (districts) were included in the two cluster regions.Conclusion Incidence of human brucellosis showed an obvious increase in Shandong during year 2004-2012.Months with epidemics were between March and June.The incidence of brucellosis in counties (districts) was non-randomly distributed.A positive spatial correlation and the feature of clusters was noticed.

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Orientia tsutsugamushi ; classification ; genetics ; Scrub Typhus ; epidemiology

Indole-3-propionic acid(3-IPA)is a metabolic product of tryptophan by gut microbiota,which plays an important role in maintaining host health and metabolic balance.3-IPA is suggested to influence host physical ac-tivities via enhancing the intestinal epithelial barrier,exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects,as well as im-mune modulation.Recent studies have indicated that deficiency of 3-IPA or gut microbiota imbalance is involved in the de-velopment of various metabolic disorders including obesity,diabetes and cardiovascular diseases,indicating 3-IPA is a po-tential marker in diagnosing these disorders.Furthermore,supplementation with 3-IPA or fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)have been shown to effectively improve the metabolic diseases.This review summarizes the role and mechanism of 3-IPA in metabolic diseases,suggesting that strategies such as modifying dietary patterns or improving the microbial envi-ronment could provide new approaches for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.

Aim To explore the effect of Pueraria Lobata Flowers Extract(PFE)on lipid accumulation in mac-rophage-derived foam cells.Methods The concentration of PFE in THP-1-derived foam cells was screened by MTT,intracellular lipid accumulation was detected by oil red O staining and cholesterol detection kit,intracellular cholesterol ef-flux levels were detected by cholesterol efflux assay kit,RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to analyze mRNA and pro-tein expression.Results PFE significantly reduced lipid accumulation in THP-1-derived foam cells.PFE did not affect the mRNA expression of CD36,scavenger receptor-A Ⅰ(SR-A Ⅰ),sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2(SREBP2),3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase(HMGCR),but it could upregulate the mRNA and protein expres-sion levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1)(P＜0.05),and promote the intracellular cholesterol efflux of macrophage-derived foam cells(P＜0.01).PFE could activate the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y(PPARγ)(P＜0.01)and upregulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of PPARγ(P＜0.05).Compared with the PFE control group,the expression of PPARγ and ABCA1 proteins decreased and cholesterol efflux decreased after GW9662 treatment(all P＜0.01).Conclusion PFE could significantly prevent the lipid accumulation in THP-1-derived foam cells and inhibit the formation of foam cells by upregulating ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux mediated by PPARγ.