Purpose Sustained attention dysfunction is a common symptom of patient with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).To reveal the neural mechanism of the abnormality of sustained attention of patients with ADHD,the cerebral blood flow (CBF) abnormalities in patients were studied by perfusion imaging.Materials and Methods Sixteen children with ADHD and twenty normal controls treated at the 401st Hospital of PLA from June 2013 to September 2015 underwent 3D arterial spin labeling (3D-ASL)scanning with GE 3.0T MRI scanner.The participants were performed four continuous sections of sustained attention to response task (SART) for 20 minutes in the scanner.Using SPM 8 toolkit,the local CBF values of both groups were compared in a voxel-wise manner,and their correlations with response time and target accuracy of SART were analyzed.Results When performing the SART,the patients with ADHD showed significantly inhibited trend of increasing CBF in the anterior cortex like dorsal cortex,medial prefrontal cortex,and motor area;however,they presented enhanced trend of increasing CBF in the posterior cortex such as posterior cingulate cortex and parietooccipital sulcus (P＜0.01);the change of CBF in the dorsal prefrontal cortex and that in the precentral and postcentral gyrus had significant correlation with response time of SART task and targeting ratio (dorsal prefrontal cortex:r=0.745,P＜0.001;r=0.591,P＜0.001;r=-0.521,P＜0.001.Precentral and postcentral gyrus:r=0.579,P＜0.001).Conclusion Patients with ADHD show different CBF redistribution between anterior and posterior cerebral cortex in performing SART,and the abnormal CBF shows significant correlations with behavioral metrics,which reflects the mechanism of sustained attention dysfunction of patients with ADHD.

Objective:To investigate the isolation rate, antimicrobial resistance phenotype, and molecular type characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae from infectious diarrhea outpatients in Tai’an. Methods:A total of 866 stool samples were collected from infectious diarrhea cases in sentinel hospitals in 6 counties of Tai’an from 2013 to 2017. The strains were isolated from stool samples of the cases and identified by biochemical test. Micro broth dilution method was used to detect the drug resistance of the strains. The molecular typing was conducted by using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).Results:The detection rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the stool samples was 7.97 % (69/866), with significant differences among the 6 counties ( χ2=39.627, P=0.000). Sixty- eight out of the 69 strains were resistant to 15 antibiotics with resistance rate 98.55 %(68/69). The resistance to ampicillin (AMP) was highest (84.06 %) (58/69), followed by sulfamethoxazole (SOX) (72.46 %)(50/69). There were 40 drug resistance profiles, and the predominant resistance profile was AMP-SOX detected ( n=10). The multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains accounted for 33.33 % (23/69). The 69 strains could be divided into 65 PFGE patterns, and no predominant PFGE pattern or cluster was observed. Conclusions:Klebsiella pneumoniae was detected in the stool samples of diarrhea- syndrome outpatients, indicating the risk for community-acquired infection; the strains were resistant to multiplex antibiotics, with wide drug-resistance profiles and high multi-drug resistance rates. The PFGE patterns were diverse, which showed no correlation with drug resistance profiles. Our study indicated that it necessary to strengthen the surveillance and detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae from diarrhea outpatients, which could facilitate the prevention of the emergence and spread of drug resistance strains and the protection of susceptible population.

This is a review of the progress in the study on auditory event-related potentials (ERP) of novel events. Several cognitive problems about the novelty ERP response on brain and the experiment methods are introduced. The mismatch negative potential (MMN) reflects the detection of deviant events, and MMN is related with the novelty P3. Familiarity and attention influence the novelty ERP response. Experiments results showed that the amplitude of ERPs in the frontal area was reduced with the enhancement of familiarity, while that in the parietal area had little change. Attention was helpful in increasing the amplitude of ERPs, and could make the corresponding brain area active. The functional significance of the response of ERP was discussed also.
Auditory Perception ; physiology ; Brain ; physiology ; Electroencephalography ; Environment ; Event-Related Potentials, P300 ; physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory ; physiology ; Humans

Objective: To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from broiler production process in 4 provinces of China. Methods: Using convenience sampling method, 238 sample sites from broiler whole production process were chosen in Henan, Jiangsu, Heilongjiang and Shandong provinces in 2012. A total of 11 592 samples were collected and detected to analyze prevalence baseline, including 2 090 samples from breeding chicken farms and hatcheries, 1 421 samples from broiler farms, 5 610 samples from slaughterhouses and 2 471 samples from distribution and retail stores. All Salmonella strains were isolated through selective enrichment, and were serotyped according to Kauffmann-White scheme. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of selected Salmonella strains were determined by the broth microdilution method and fourteen antimicrobial agents were examined. Results: During incubation course, the average prevalence of Salmonella was 5.5% in feces of breeding hens, feces of chicks, and hatching eggs, 123 Salmonella strains were isolated. During cultivation course, the prevalence of Salmonella was 8.0% in feces from broiler farms, soil, feed, and workers, 114 Salmonella strains were isolated. During slaughter course, the prevalence of Salmonella was 24.9% in swabs pre-slaughter, dressed broiler carcasses, pre-cooled broiler carcasses, water from precooling pool, cutter and chipping boards, frozen chicken portions, and workers, 1 438 Salmonella strains were isolated. During distribution and sale course, the prevalence of Salmonella was 20.9% in transport carts, frozen chicken portions, retail chicken portions and workers, 551 Salmonella strains were isolated. The dominant Salmonella serotypes were Salmonella Enteritidis (n=1 229) and Salmonella Indiana (n=621). Among 1 231 examined strains, 97.2% Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, 69.9% Salmonella strains were multi-drug resistant isolates. Conclusion Our findings indicated that Salmonella contamination was common and serious in commercial broiler whole production process in China, especially in the course of defeathering, precooling and selling. The environment of broiler farm is the important source of Salmonella contamination. Additionally, antibiotic resistance of Salmonella was serious for common antimicrobials and multi-drug resistant strains existed widespread, which can pose potential risk on public health and clinical therapy.

Objective To explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of human brucellosis in Shandong province and to provide scientific basis for the development of related regional public health strategies.Methods 1 802 diagnosed cases of human brucellosis patients were selected based on the data that was collected by Diseases Reporting Information System between year 2004 and 2012 in Shandong province.Methods on spatial thematic mapping,spatial autocorrelation analysis,spatial clustering analysis,and temporal clustering analysis were applied to describe the temporal and spatial distribution on human brucellosis cases.Results The incidence rate of human brucellosis increased from 0.038 2/100 000 (35 cases) to 0.620 5/100 000 (598 cases),with annual average incidence rate as 0.211 1/100 000 and the incidence was evidently increased.The value of M (0.375 3) showed that this disease was seasonal,with the epidemic months between March and June,accounting for 56.27％ (1 014/1 802).The Global Moran' s I index was 0.198 901 (P=0.000 120),showing that there was a positive correlation between space and the incidence of brucellosis.The incidence rates in 2006,2007,2009 and 2012 and the space distribution appeared a positive correlation (P＜0.05) in Shandong province.The local Moran's I index showed that there were 8 “High-High” (HH) clustering areas,which were proved to have statistical significance (P＜0.05).Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) revealed that southwest and north districts of Shandong were highly clustered districts of brucellosis and the areas paralleled to the areas that having higher incidence rates.There were two spatial clustering areas in this study,one as the center of Juanchen with radiation radius at 33.83 km whose RR was 9.78 (P＜0.05) and the other was the center of Binchen with radiation radius at 62.78 km with RR as 4.99 (P＜0.05).All the 8 HH counties (districts) were included in the two cluster regions.Conclusion Incidence of human brucellosis showed an obvious increase in Shandong during year 2004-2012.Months with epidemics were between March and June.The incidence of brucellosis in counties (districts) was non-randomly distributed.A positive spatial correlation and the feature of clusters was noticed.

Background::The pharmacokinetic and clinical behaviors of many proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in peptic ulcer treatment are altered by CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms. This non-inferiority study evaluated the efficacy and safety of the novel PPI anaprazole compared with rabeprazole. We also explored the influence of Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection status and CYP2C19 polymorphism on anaprazole. Methods::In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, positive-drug parallel-controlled, phase III study, Chinese patients with duodenal ulcers were randomized 1:1 to receive rabeprazole 10 mg + anaprazole placebo or rabeprazole placebo + anaprazole 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the 4-week ulcer healing rate assessed by blinded independent review. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of patients with improved overall and individual duodenal ulcer symptoms at 4 weeks. Furthermore, exploratory subgroup analysis of the primary endpoint by H. pylori status and CYP2C19 polymorphism was conducted. Adverse events were monitored for safety. Non-inferiority analysis was conducted for the primary endpoint. Results::The study enrolled 448 patients (anaprazole, n = 225; rabeprazole, n = 223). The 4-week healing rates were 90.9% and 93.7% for anaprazole and rabeprazole, respectively (difference, -2.8% [95% confidence interval, -7.7%, 2.2%]), demonstrating non-inferiority of anaprazole to rabeprazole. Overall duodenal ulcer symptoms improved in 90.9% and 92.5% of patients, respectively. Improvement rates of individual symptoms were similar between the groups. Healing rates did not significantly differ by H. pylori status or CYP2C19 genotype for either treatment group. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar for anaprazole (72/220, 32.7%) and rabeprazole (84/219, 38.4%). Conclusions::The efficacy of anaprazole is non-inferior to that of rabeprazole in Chinese patients with duodenal ulcers.Registration::ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04215653.

Indole-3-propionic acid(3-IPA)is a metabolic product of tryptophan by gut microbiota,which plays an important role in maintaining host health and metabolic balance.3-IPA is suggested to influence host physical ac-tivities via enhancing the intestinal epithelial barrier,exerting anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects,as well as im-mune modulation.Recent studies have indicated that deficiency of 3-IPA or gut microbiota imbalance is involved in the de-velopment of various metabolic disorders including obesity,diabetes and cardiovascular diseases,indicating 3-IPA is a po-tential marker in diagnosing these disorders.Furthermore,supplementation with 3-IPA or fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)have been shown to effectively improve the metabolic diseases.This review summarizes the role and mechanism of 3-IPA in metabolic diseases,suggesting that strategies such as modifying dietary patterns or improving the microbial envi-ronment could provide new approaches for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.

China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Orientia tsutsugamushi ; classification ; genetics ; Scrub Typhus ; epidemiology

Aim To explore the effect of Pueraria Lobata Flowers Extract(PFE)on lipid accumulation in mac-rophage-derived foam cells.Methods The concentration of PFE in THP-1-derived foam cells was screened by MTT,intracellular lipid accumulation was detected by oil red O staining and cholesterol detection kit,intracellular cholesterol ef-flux levels were detected by cholesterol efflux assay kit,RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to analyze mRNA and pro-tein expression.Results PFE significantly reduced lipid accumulation in THP-1-derived foam cells.PFE did not affect the mRNA expression of CD36,scavenger receptor-A Ⅰ(SR-A Ⅰ),sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2(SREBP2),3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase(HMGCR),but it could upregulate the mRNA and protein expres-sion levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1)(P＜0.05),and promote the intracellular cholesterol efflux of macrophage-derived foam cells(P＜0.01).PFE could activate the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y(PPARγ)(P＜0.01)and upregulate the mRNA and protein expression levels of PPARγ(P＜0.05).Compared with the PFE control group,the expression of PPARγ and ABCA1 proteins decreased and cholesterol efflux decreased after GW9662 treatment(all P＜0.01).Conclusion PFE could significantly prevent the lipid accumulation in THP-1-derived foam cells and inhibit the formation of foam cells by upregulating ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux mediated by PPARγ.

Objective: To analyze the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of gastroenteritis virus in foodborne diseases from three cities in Shandong. Methods: From January to December 2017, six sentinel hospitals in Jinan, Yantai and Linyi city of Shandong Province were selected as the research sites. Stool samples of 1 397 diarrhea patients were collected, as well as basic information and clinical symptoms. Duplex quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect Norovirus genogroupⅠ (Nov GⅠ) and genogroupⅡ (Nov GⅡ), Sapovirus (SAV) and Human astrovirus (HAstV), respectively, quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect group A Rotavirus (RVA), and quantitative PCR was used to detect Enteric adenovirus (EAdV). The specific gene of the virus were sequenced and typed. It was compared that the gastroenteritis virus rate in cases with different characteristics and the clinical symptoms difference between the virus positive and negative cases. Results: The median age (P₂₅, P₇₅) was 23 (1, 42) , mainly male, 57.48% with 803 cased and children under 5 years old, 36.36% with 508 cases. The positive rate of gastroenteritis virus was 33.93% (474 cases), and that of Jinan, Linyi and Yantai City were 32.03% (147/459), 41.54% (189/455) and 28.57% (138/483), respectively (P<0.001). Nov GⅡ had the highest positive rate, 16.54% (231 cases), which, mainly GⅡ.P16/GⅡ.2 (48.28%, 56/116), peaked in May (24.75%, 50/202) and June (19.59%, 38/194). In patients of gastroenteritis virus positive, 44.51% (211/474) had vomiting symptoms, higher than that of patients of gastroenteritis virus negative (34.13%, 315/923). The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion In Shandong Province, the majority of gastroenteritis patients were male and children under 5 years old. Nov GⅡ possessed highest epidemic intensity, and peaked in spring and summer. Viral gastroenteritis had atypical clinical symptoms.