Objective To grasp the distribution of iodine in drinking water in the environment of Hainan Province,and provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods In 2017,in all cities (counties,districts) in Hainan Province,townships were used as units to collect water samples to detect iodine content according to their different water supply methods.In the townships with median drinking water iodine ＞ 10 μg/L,the administrative village (neighborhood committee) was used as a unit to collect water sample to detect iodine content.According to the geographical location (central mountainous area,eastern coast,western coast),water source type (tap water,intubation well,spring water),and well depth,the distribution of water iodine was analyzed.Results A total of 2 566 water samples were detected in 21 cities (counties,districts),the median water iodine was 6.0 μg/L,range was 0.1-150.6 μg/L,the median water iodine of all cities (counties,districts) was ＜ 10 μg/L.The median water iodine in the central mountainous area,eastern coast,and western coast were 3.3,6.5,6.5 μg/L,respectively;tap water,intubation well,and spring water were 5.6,6.4,1.3 μg/L,respectively;0-,100-,200-,≥300 m well depth were 6.6,5.1,4.2,and 1.5 μg/L,respectively.The water iodine content range was 0.2-17.9 μg/L in 230 townships in the province,there were 12 townships with the median water iodine ＞ 10 μg/L,including 133 administrative villages (neighborhood committees),and 737 water samples were detected,the water iodine content range was 1.0-37.1 μg/L.Conclusions All cities (counties,districts) in Hainan Province belong to iodine deficiency areas,the central mountainous area is even more serious.Most of the townships in the province are in iodine deficiency.No administrative villages (neighborhood committeea) with high iodine have been found.The province should continue to implement salt iodization to prevent and treat iodine deficiency disorders.

Foodborne disease is one of the most important public health issues worldwide. China faces various and unprecedented challenges in all aspects of the food chain. Data from laboratory-based foodborne disease surveillance systems from 2013 to 2016, as well as different regions and ages, can be found along with differences in the patterns of pathogens detected with diverse characteristics. Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in China, especially among adults in coastal regions. Salmonella has been a serious and widely distributed pathogen responsible for substantial socioeconomic burden. Shigella was mostly identified in Northwest China and the inland province (Henan) with less-developed regions among children under 5 years. Data from foodborne disease outbreak reporting system from 2011 to 2016 showed that poisonous animals and plant factors responsible for most deaths were poisonous mushrooms (54.7%) in remote districts in southwest regions. The biological hazard that caused most cases reported (42.3%) was attributed to V. parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of foodborne outbreaks. In this review, we summarize the recent monitoring approach to foodborne diseases in China and compare the results with those in developed countries.
Bacteria ; classification ; isolation & purification ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Food Microbiology ; Foodborne Diseases ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Laboratories ; Mushroom Poisoning ; epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Public Health

Objective: To analyze the etiology and epidemiological characteristics of gastroenteritis virus in foodborne diseases from three cities in Shandong. Methods: From January to December 2017, six sentinel hospitals in Jinan, Yantai and Linyi city of Shandong Province were selected as the research sites. Stool samples of 1 397 diarrhea patients were collected, as well as basic information and clinical symptoms. Duplex quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect Norovirus genogroupⅠ (Nov GⅠ) and genogroupⅡ (Nov GⅡ), Sapovirus (SAV) and Human astrovirus (HAstV), respectively, quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect group A Rotavirus (RVA), and quantitative PCR was used to detect Enteric adenovirus (EAdV). The specific gene of the virus were sequenced and typed. It was compared that the gastroenteritis virus rate in cases with different characteristics and the clinical symptoms difference between the virus positive and negative cases. Results: The median age (P₂₅, P₇₅) was 23 (1, 42) , mainly male, 57.48% with 803 cased and children under 5 years old, 36.36% with 508 cases. The positive rate of gastroenteritis virus was 33.93% (474 cases), and that of Jinan, Linyi and Yantai City were 32.03% (147/459), 41.54% (189/455) and 28.57% (138/483), respectively (P<0.001). Nov GⅡ had the highest positive rate, 16.54% (231 cases), which, mainly GⅡ.P16/GⅡ.2 (48.28%, 56/116), peaked in May (24.75%, 50/202) and June (19.59%, 38/194). In patients of gastroenteritis virus positive, 44.51% (211/474) had vomiting symptoms, higher than that of patients of gastroenteritis virus negative (34.13%, 315/923). The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion In Shandong Province, the majority of gastroenteritis patients were male and children under 5 years old. Nov GⅡ possessed highest epidemic intensity, and peaked in spring and summer. Viral gastroenteritis had atypical clinical symptoms.