The violence behavior is a kind of aggressive behaviors or attempt to hurt another person psychologically,physically or in other forms.Recently,violent incidents occur more and more frequently,and especially among teenagers.A number of concerns on violence continue to rise,and interpersonal violence is the most concerned type.Perpetrators are violence implementers who determine the occurrence and outcome of violence.Many studies provided the risk factors of interpersonal violence,that expounds the influence of personal level,interpersonal relationship,community background and social factors of interpersonal violence.The establishment of the socioecological risk-factor structural model which focuses on the perpetrators' indi vidual,is of great significance for the effective intervention for interpersonal violence.

Both the snail number and the detection rate of living snails by means of snail screening in soil layer were higher than those of snail survey on soil surface. It is indicated that snail screening in soil layer can make up the shortage of survey on soil surface and improve the efficiency of snail control.

Objective To determine the content of sophocarpine, matrine, oxysophocarpine, sophoridine, oxymatrine in Sophora Flavescentis Radix from different areas. Methods Agilent ZORBAX NH2 column (4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm) was used with mobile phase of acetonitrile-ethanol-3% phosphate (84∶10∶6), at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The wavelength of detection was 210 nm. Results The linear range of sophocarpine, matrine, oxysophocarpine, sophoridine and oxymatrine were 0.022 88-0.114 4 μg (r=0.999 7), 0.083 2-0.416 0 μg (r=0.999 7), 0.376 2-1.836 0 μg (r=0.999 8), 0.104 4-0.522 μg (r=0.999 2), 0.491 2-2.456 μg (r=0.999 9), respectively. The average recovery were 101.63% (RSD=2.08%), 98.29%(RSD=1.87%), 101.89% (RSD=1.97%), 99.87% (RSD=2.06%), 102.66% (RSD=1.34%), respectively. Conclusion The method is simple, rapid and accurate, and suitable for the quality control of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix.

Objective To explore the relationship between brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (BaPWV) change and carotid artery plaque formation in middle-aged and elderly patients with essential hypertension(EH).Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in 409 patients who were admitted in Hypertension Department in our hospital from January to September 2013.Their age ranged from 35 to 75 years,with mean aged(53.2±15.0) years.Parallel carotid artery ultrasound and BaPWV examination were performed in all patients.According to whether carotid plaques were present,patients were divided into two groups:carotid plaque group and control group.And carotid plaque group was sub-grouped into normal BaPWV group (BaPWV ＜ 1400cm/s) and increased BaPWV group(BaPWV≥1400 cm/s) according to BaPWV levels.The detection rate of carotid plaque was compared between normal BaPWV group and increased BaPWV group.The correlation between BaPWV and carotid plaques was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results Compared with the control group,carotid plaque group showed the prevalence of carotid plaques was increased along with the increases of age(t=11.0,P=11.0),systolic blood pressure (t=3.87,P=3.87),diastolic blood pressure(t=3.70,P=0.00),pulse pressure(t=6.13,P 6.13),total cholesterol levels(t=2.57,P=0.01).The detection rate of carotid plaque was higher in increased BaPWV group than in normal BaPWV group [62.6％(159/254) vs.43.2％(67/155),x2=14.61,P=0.00].After adjusting for age,blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors,the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased BaPWV was an independent risk factor for carotid plaques(OR=2.06,P=0.05),and age,smoking,systolic pressure,diastolic pressure,pulse pressure,total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,triglyceride levels were positively correlated with carotid plaques.Conclusions BaPWV is one of the independent impact factors for carotid plaques,which plays an important role in early diagnosis and screening for subclinical vascular lesions.

0.05), suggesting that clinical trial could be made for the cultured mycelia

Objective To investigate the current situation and influencing factors of overweight and obesity in the elderly from Changsha city.Methods Using stratified sampling,2500 elderly in Changsha were included for the investigation by questionnaire and physical examination.The influencing factors were analyzed with univariate analysis and two-level models.Results Among 2500 persons,the valid questionnaires were 2254,the effective rate was 90.16％.About 39.71％ (895/2254) of Changsha's elderly were in overweight and obesity (BMI≥ 24 kg/m2).Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in BMI among different area,education degree,income,marital status,drinking wine,drinking tea,physical exercises and occupation (x2＝ 304.17,18.39,19.35,12.93,13.29,11.77,12.87,12.84,all P＜0.05).The results of two-level models indicated that the independent influencing factors were income,physical exercises,drinking wine,age and occupation.Conclusions It is necessary to take interventional measures against elderly obesity and to encourage the elderly taking physical exercises and keeping reasonable diets.

Objective To synthetically evaluate medical treatment outcomes of two operative methods on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH),and to provide evidence for therapeutic regimen selection.Methods Prospective cohort study was applied.BPH patients were treated by two operative methods randomly,follow-up observations were carried out at 3 months,6 months,and 48 months after the treatment.IPSS and BPHQLS were adopted to evaluate prostate and quality of life of patients at different time.The weight coefficients of IPSS score,quality of life score and general hospitalization expense in the comprehensive evaluation were defined by the Delphi Method.Results The synthetic score of both groups showed ascending trend,comprehend evaluation of scores got after treatment for 3 months (OP group was 7.6±0.7,TURP group was 7.4±0.8),6 months(OP group was 6.9 ± 0.9,TURP group was 6.9 ± 1.1) showed no significant differences between two groups(P＞0.05),curative effect of OP group was better than TURP group at 48 moths(OP group was 8.3±0.9 score,TURP group was 7.6± 0.8 score) (P＜0.05).Conclusions The curative effect of OP group was better than TURP group at 48 months.

To analyze the relationship among ambulatory blood pressure (AMBP), ankle brachial index (ABI) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in hypertensive patients. Methods 578 hypertensive inpatients were reviewed. Results The general clinical dataof selected patients, their ABI, LVMI were not different significantly between male and female. The correlation analysis showed that LVMI was positively correlated with the 24-hour average systolic (r=0.245, P=0.000) or diastolic (r=0.158, P=0.000) blood pressure, whereas negatively correlated with percent of systolic (r=－0.104, P=0.012) or diastolic (r=－0.132, P=0.001) blood pressure declining at night. No significant correlation was found between LVMI and BMI. Multiple regression analysis revealed that LVMI was significant independently positive correlated with 24-hour average systolic blood pressure (P=0.000). Conclusion LVMI does not correlate with ABI, but independent positive related with 24-hour average systolic blood pressure.

ObjectiveTo understand the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its epidemiological characteristics in rural elderly people and to lay a scientific foundation for formulating the strategies oI prevention and treatment for UI. MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in two townships of Jixian County, Tianjin. People aged 60 years and over were selected with cluster sampling, and the prevalence of UI and its epidemiological characteristics were collected with a standardized structured questionnaire by face-to-face interview. ResultsPrevalence of UI was 33.4% among the people aged 60 years and over in two townships, and it was increased with ageing.The elderly women had a higher prevalence of UI than the elderly man (43.2% vs. 22.8%, P<0.0001). The prevalences of UI in groups of 60-, 65-, 70-, 75-, 80-, 85-95 years old were 28.6%,32.1%,34.1%,35.5%,47.8%and 30.0%, respectively, and increased with ageing (X2for trend=2.19,P=0.029). Mixed UI (MUI) was the most common in different types of UI, and the constitution ratios of stress UI (SUI), urge UI (UUI), MUI and other type of UI were 27.4%, 1.2%, 60.9%,10.5%, respectively. The prevalence of MUI was the highest among the four types of UI in each age group. In all age groups, the prevalences of SUI and UUI were the highest in 60～ age group, and the prevalence of MUI was the highest in 80 ～ 95 age group. ConclusionsPrevalence of UI is high among the elderly people in rural areas of Jixian County, Tianjin.

Objective To examine the association of employment-related events with depression and anxiety in senior college students in China.Methods Altogether 1321 senior college students were recruited from Central South University and the survey was administered anonymously. Anxiety and depression were assessed with the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), respectively. Employment-related events were reflected by the employment-related options when students were surveyed. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of employment-related events on anxiety and depression.Results We collected 1178 valid questionnaires. Taking 50 and 16 as the cutting-point of SAS and CES-D, we found 18.9% and 55.4% of the participants showed symptoms of anxiety and depression, respectively. After controlling confounding factors, those students who had taken the entrance exam of graduate schools and were optimistic for the result, those who had taken the entrance exam of graduate schools but were pessimistic for the result, and those who neither took the entrance exam of graduate schools nor received a job offer, had a higher risk of anxiety than those who would attend a graduate school without exam, and the odds ratios were 2.5, 2.3, and 3.5, respectively. For students' depression, the odds ratios of the three categories mentioned above were 2.0, 1.5, and 2.6, respectively. Conclusion Senior college students who face bad employment-related events are at a higher risk of anxiety and depression.