Objective　To evaluate the status of urological laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) technique in China.　Methods　We had conducted a systematic review of literatures of urological laparoendoscopic single-site surgery published from Chinese institutions using WanFang,CNKI,VIP,CBM,GoogleScholar and MEDLINE databases.All relevant articles were selected with consensus and analyzed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.　Results　Overall,205 articles from 66 different centers all over China published between January 2009 and June 2012 were included in the analysis. Of which,there were 26 articles of science citation index papers and 179 articles from Chinese academic journals.The included literature was mainly composed of case series reports ( 133 articles,64.9％ ),comparison studies (13 articles,6.3％ ),reviews or comments (20 papers,9.8％ ),nursing related papers (28 pieces,13.7％ ),animal surgery studies (6 articles,2.9％ ),and training (5 articles,2.4％ ).A total of 1790 clinical cases were reported during the study period,56.9％ of these were procedures done in the upper urinary tract,only 5.8％ were in the lower urinary tract,and 37.3％ were genital or other procedures.Procedures of tumor-related and reconstruction required accounted for 18.8％ and 18.7％,respectively.Pure single-port technique was applied on 58.3％ of cases.In cases of a single-port platform used,45.6％ used the commercially available devices and 54.4％ used homemade devices.Transperitoneal accesses were adopted in 59.5％ of cases and the other 40.5％ were performed through extraperitoneal approaches.The umbilicus was used as the site of access in 58.5％ of cases.A total of 25 indications were reported,including adrenalectomy,nephrectomy and ureterolithotomy,etc. in the upper urinary tract,radical cystectomy,radical prostatectomy and transvesical enucleation of the prostate,etc.in the lower urinary tract,and varicocelectomy,orchidopexy and others. The three most often done procedures were varicocelectomy (601　cases,33.6％ ),renal cyst decortication (408 cases,22.8％ ) and adrenalectomy ( 179 cases,10.0％ ).The overall conversion rate was 5.5％,and complications were encountered in 3.4％ of cases.　Conclusions Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery has been widely adopted by Chinese urologists and largely covered the spectrum of conventional urologic laparoscopic procedures,with most of these being non-reconstructive operations for the treatment of benign diseases.In large,we are still under the initial stage of LESS application in urology.And more work on creative innovation and well-designed studies are needed to further evaluate its role in the urological minimally invasive surgery.

Correspondence analysis was used for determining the important factors from the six factors influencing analysis of cephalosporin in reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Experiments were planed by U7（76）, then the synthetical correspondence between a series of optimizations and the factors was calculated. Result indicated that that proportion of organic solvent, pH and concentration of buffer were three most important factors. It showed that the correspondence analysis was a better method to determining the important factors in RP-HPLC

Objective To investigate the cause,treatment and prevention of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after operation for esophageal carcinoma.Methods The clinical data of 13 cases with DGE after operation for esophageal carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively.Results DGE occurred at 10th day after operation.10 cases with functional delayed gastric emptying(FDGE) recovered after conservative treatmeut.3 cases with mechanical delayed gastric emptying(MDGE) were given surgical treatment.Conclusions The anatomical displacement of stomach may be the main cause of DGE.DGE is also related to vagus nerve and postoperative inadequate gastrointestinal decompression.Clinical symptoms,X-ray barium meal radiography and gastroscopy examination are the important diagnostic method.Conservative treatment should be the first choice for FDGE.The use of some gastro-intestinal prokinetic drugs may have a beneficial effect on FDGE.Once the diagnosis of MDGE is established,surgical treatment should be performed as early as possible.The fully preoperative preparation,the precise and concise techniques in operation and postoperative appropriate management may decrease the occurrence of DGE.

Objectives To evaluate the association between serum cystatin C and carotid atherosclerosis.Methods Medical data,including physical examinations,serum levels of cystatin C,bilirubin,uric acid and other biochemical markers and duplex ultrasonographic scanning for the carotid artery,of 1741 healthy adults (1193 men and 548 women) who sought physical check-up at Peking Union Medical College Hospital during January 2010 and December 2011 were collected,and those with hypertension,diabetes and liver or renal function failure were excluded.Based on the results of carotid duplex uhrasonography,all the adults checked were assigned to two groups,one with thickened intima-media and atherosclerotic plaque (group A),the other with non-thickened intima-media and non-atherosclerotic plaque (group B).Difference in serum cystatin C,bilirubin,uric acid and other biochemical markers between the two groups was analyzed by using Student's t test.The correlation between the markers and carotid plaque was analyzed by using Spearman correlation analysis.The correlated factors of the carotid thickness and plaque appearance were analyzed by using unconditional Logistic regression analysis.Results Serum level of cystatin C was significantly increased in group A (t =-8.85,P ＜ 0.05).Thickness of carotid intima was positively correlated with serum cystatin C (r =0.21,P ＜ 0.05).In multivariate Logistic regression analysis,high level of serum cystatin C was not an independent risk factor of carotid atherosclerosis.Conclusion Relationship between serum cyatatin C and carotid atherosclerosis was not confirmed in our populations,which should be explored further in cohort studies.

The difference in serum calcium levels between patients with typical hyperthyroidism and apathetic hyperthyroidism was analyzed. Serum calcium levels in patients with apathetic hyperthyroidism were higher than those in patients with typical hyperthyroidism, while bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels were lower. The atypical manifestation of apathetic hyperthyroidism may be due to the significant elevation of serum calcium level.

Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers of population in hospital and to provide the basis for prevention and control of virus B hepatitis .Methods 11 210 people in hospital who had accepted HBV serological testing were enrolled ,and were divided into >0 -25-year old group(n=3 553) and >25 -50-year old group(n=7 651) according to their ages .Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) and Roche Cobas E601 Automatic Electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer were employed to detect serum HBV surface antigen (HBsAg ) ,anti-HBV surface anti-body(HBsAb) ,HBV e antigen(HBeAg) ,anti-HBV e antibody(HBeAb) and anti-HBV core antibody(HBcAb) .Results HBsAg positive rates of subjects in > 0 -25-year old group and > 25 -50-year old group were 16 .16% and 21 .19% ,respectively .The overall positive rates of HBsAg and HBsAb and full-negative rate were 19 .59% (2 195/11 204) ,37 .02% (4 148/11 204) and 11 .84% (1 327/11 204) ,respectively .Conclusion Distribution characteristics of HBV markers of population in hospital may pro-vide a reliable basis for taking effective protective and control measures against virus B hepatitis .

ObjectiveTo explore the significance of colonoscopy examination in healthy subjects.MethodsA total of 537 health examination cases who underwent colonoscopy from January 2010 to June 2011 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) health examination center were enrolled,in which 529 cases underwent total colonoscopy.Detection of colorectal lesion,polyp types and pathology were recorded and the correlation between detection rate of polyps,lesion sites and ages as well as gender were analyzed.ResultsThere were 315 male and 214 female,with a mean age of 48.3 ± 9.3 years.A total of 158 colorectal polyps were detected in 104 cases ( 19.7％ ),including 84 ( 15.9％ ) adenomas,17 (3.2％ ) advanced polyps and 1 (0.2％ ) rectal cancer.Other abnormalities were hemorrhoids in 61 cases ( 11.5％ )and inflammation in 22 (4.2％ ).Colorectal polyps were more frequent in men (P ＜0.001 ).Adults older than 50 had higher rates of colorectal polyps (P ＜0.001 ) and advanced polyps ( P ＜0.05).The proportion of patients with proximal polyps increased with age,whereas that of patients with distal polyps decreased with age ( P ＜0.05).ConclusionColonoscopy is an effective screening modality for colorectal lesions and the importance of colonoscopy on health examination population to prevent colorectal cancer should be stressed.

Objective To compare the changes of high sensitive-C reactive protein (hs-CRP) and cardiac troponin Ⅰ ( cTn Ⅰ ) levels before and after intensive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes,and to find out the reasonable glucose-lowering rate.Methods One hundred and thirty-two cases of type 2 diabetes( T2DM group) and 135 cases of type 2 diabetes with coronary heart disease( T2DM+CHD group) received intensive therapy.After testing hs-CRP and cTn Ⅰ levels,the variations were analyzed.Results The ranges of the change in cTn Ⅰ and hs-CRP levels were different under four glucose-lowering rates in the T2DM+CHD group( P＜0.05 ).cTn Ⅰ and hs-CRP levels were higher than those before intensive therapy in the T2DM+CHD group with glucose-lowering rate greater than 4.0mmol· L-1 · d-1.The other two subgroups with glucose-lowering rate less than 4.0 mmol· L-1 · d-1 showed decreased cTn Ⅰ and hs-CRP levels.While at the end of 3 months follow-up,cTn Ⅰ and hs-CRP levels were all significantly lower than those before intensive therapy in four subgroups ( P＜0.05 ).Conclusions The increase of cardiovascular events after intensive therapy may be due to excessively fast glucose-lowering rate.The reasonable glucose-lowering rate for patients with type 2 diabetes should depend on whether there is accompanying coronary heart disease.For type 2 diabetes with coronary heart disease,excessively fast glucose-lowering rate could lead to acute rise ofcTn Ⅰ and hs-CRP levels,which causes myocardial injury.The mechanism of myocardial injury resulted from excessively fast glucose-lowering rate may be due to activation of the inflammatory pathway.In type 2 diabetes with coronary heart disease,long-term good control of blood glucose could alleviate inflammatory response and cardiac damage resulted from excessively fast glucose-lowering rate.

Objective To study the relationship of T, B and NK lymphocytes with the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria. Methods Flow cytometry was applied to assess the proportion of T, B and NK lymphocyte subgroups in the peripheral blood of 51 patients with chronic urticaria and 30 sex and age-matched human controls. The CD4:CD8 ratio was calculated. Moreover, the symptoms, disease course and response to antihistamines of these patients were evaluated by one physician. Results The percentage of CD8+ T and NK cells, CD4:CD8 ratio were (27.20±8.22)%, (21.20±10.84)% and 1.48±0.62, respectively, in these patients,(29.9±3.74)%, (17.5±3.56)%, 1.24±0.27, respectively, in the controls; the differences were significant between the two groups (all P＜0.05). Decreased levels of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and B cells were noted in patients resistant to antihistamines compared with those responsive to antihistamines[(61.81±11.70)% vs (75.74±2.36)%, (24.00±7.79)% vs (34.22±9.30)%, (10.78±2.07)% vs (15.25±4.10)%, P＜0.05, 0.01, 0.05, respectively)], while the CD4:CD8 ratio and percentage of NK cells were increased in antihistamine-resistant patients compared to those in antihistamine-sensitive patients [1.67±0.76 vs 1.17±0.41, (28.61±12.62)% vs (12.78±6.02)%, both P＜0.01 ]. In these patients with chronic urticaria, the percentages of CD3+ T and CD8+ T cells were negatively correlated with the symptom scores (R = -0.31, -0.28, respectively, both P＜0.05 ), while the percentage of B cells was positively correlated with the symptom scores and disease course (R = 0.53, 0.55, respectively, both P＜0.01 ). Conclusions There is an abnormality in the proportion of T, B and NK lymphocyte subgroups in patients with chronic urticaria,which indicates that humoral immunity may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria and the mechanism for responsiveness to antihistamine.

One hundred and fifty-one type 2 diabetic patients with coronary heart disease ( T2 DMC) and 142 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus were included for analyzing the influence of different glucose-lowering rates on MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CKMB) and muscle hemoglobin level changes to search for the rational glucose-lowering rate.The level of CKMB in type 2 deabetes mellitus group was significantly lower( P＜0.05 ) at follow-up than that before and after intensive therapy.In type 2 diabetes mellitus group,when the fasting or postprandial glucose-lowering rate was not greater than 6 mmol· L-1 · d-1,the level of CKMB and muscle hemoglobin were significantly lower at follow-up than that before intensive therapy ( P＜0.05 ).When the fasting glucose-lowering rate is greater than 6 mmol· L-1 · d-1,the level of CKMB is significantly higher after intensive therapy than that before glucose-lowering ( P＜0.05 ).In T2DMC group,when the fasting or postprandial glucose-lowering rate was not greater than 4 mmol· L-1 · d-1,the level of CKMB and muscle hemoglobin was significantly lower at follow-up than that before intensive therapy(P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 ),buthigher at follow-up when the fasting glucose-lowering rate was greater than 4 mmol· L-1 · d-1(P＜0.05).