A novel PCR-based mutagenesis method was reported, in which there is no need to purify megaprimers or design a special flanking primer. This method used one mutagenic primer and two sequencing primers (T_m≤58℃) as flanking primers. After first round PCR, 12.5 μl first PCR production was directly added into 50 μl second PCR system as template and megaprimer, and 10 rounds of asymmetrical PCR at high temperature of annealing (68 ℃ ) was to add in initiation of second PCR. This additional step greatly has increased the efficiency of mutagenesis via 600 bp or 800 bp long megaprimer. The results demonstrated that this method can achieve high fidelity, 97%～ 98% efficiency, high yield.

Objective To assess dermatoscopic characteristics of lichen sclerosus(LS). Methods Dermatoscopy was performed to observe 27 genital or extragenital porcelain-white skin lesions in 15 outpatients with confirmed LS. Results As dermatoscopy showed, of the 27 skin lesions, 24 showed white-yellowish structureless areas, 25 linear vessels, 27 white patches, 17 keratotic plugs. Characteristic cloverleaf-like structure was observed in 7 skin lesions in 4 patients, which was consistent with LS. Conclusion Patients with LS show atypical clinical manifestations, but specific dermatoscopic patterns.

The basic pathogenesis of hypersalivation syndrome is the deficiency of spleen and kidney, which results in the imbalance of water metabolism and intake disorder. There are two different characters included in polysialia and profuse spittle. Therefore, dialectics should start from the spleen and kidney, and warming yang and resolving dampness, strengthening spleen and reinforcing kidney should be the treatment. Two medical cases for the treatment of hypersalivation syndrome were illustrated in this article. Lizhong Decoction and Linggui Zhugan Decoction were the basic prescriptions, and combined with the Chinese materia medica with the function of reinforcing kidney andintaking the saliva, with obvious efficacy.

Objective To identify the Ligustrum sinense Lour.and Jasminum elongatum(Bergium) Wild.from the macroscopic appearance and microscopic features.Methods Fresh samples of stems,leaves,flowers and fruits of the two kinds of medicinal plants were harvested.Stereoscopy was used for the observation of macroscopic appearance of Ligustrum sinense Lour.and Jasminum elongatum (Bergium) Wild.,and the microscopy was used for the examination of their microscopic features of stem and leaf cross section,tear film and the powder of leaf upper and lower epidermis.Results Original plant characteristics of the two kinds of species were as follows:Ligustrum sinense Lour.had a racemes and funnel-shaped corolla,while Jasminum elongatum (Bergium)Wild.had a cymes and salverform corolla.Microscopic identification results were as follows:the stem pith of Ligustrum sinense Lour.was smaller,and the stem pith ofJasminum elongatum(Bergium) Wild.was bigger;Ligustrum sinense Lour.stem powder had less pit or texture in the sclereids,and had reticulate vessels,and Jasminum elongatum(Bergium) Wild.stem powder had apparent pit or texture in the sclereids,and had spiral vessels.Conclusion The results will provide a basis for the identification,exploitation and utilization of Ligustrum sinense Lour.and Jasminum elongatum(Bergium) Wild.

Objective ERP research has always been the hot spot of the n~ve electrophysiology research.A gTowing body of research suggests that ERP can effectively reflect the cognitive function in patients with depression,evaluate the risk of suicide.This paper reviews the ERP related components with depression and related research.On the basis of the application of ERP in the depression research discusses limitations and prospects on the later development.Methods The articles were retrievaled from databases,such as P UBMED,Foreign medical information resources retrieval platform,CNKI,Wanfang database,ect,from 2013-06 to 2015-01.Index strategy TI:TI:[depression OR affective disorder] AND [suicide OR suicidal] All field:event related potential.Reading and narrowing the scope of the articles,we should understand the experimental design,such as Sample company have suicidal ideation and (or) behavior of patients with depression.Potential induced way,ERP related component detection method,etc.The articles included 43 in English and 15 in Chinese.Read the full text and retain nearly five years about depression and related literature.Results Eventually,the article includes 34 articles and 3 of in Chinese.Conclusion Associated with suicidal ideation and (or) behavior of the existing cognitive dysfunction in patients with depression,ERP related components such as:abnormal P300 and CNV,MMN.N400 have not found abnormal.This article only from the Angle of depression and related research are reviewed in this paper the characteristics of ERP,ERP of other mental illnesses among related research,and to be perfect in the future.

Objective Recent years,epigenetics research mainly focused on DNA methylation.A growing body of research indicated that DNA methylation may play vital role in etiology of affective disorder.With brief introduction of DNA methylation molecular mechanisms and relevance of DNA methylation to affective disorder,this review focuses on some supporting evidence which are recently emerged in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder related gene DNA methylation.Methods We retrievaled related articles from databases,such as PUBMED,Foreign medical information resources retrieval platform,CNKI,Wanfang database,ect,from 2013-06 to 2015-01.Index strategy TI:[depression OR bipolar disorder OR affective disorder] AND All field:DNA methylation.Reading and narrowing the scope of the articles,the experimental design was understanded,such as DNA from either blood cell or brain parenchyma of sample,methods of methylation detection,gene detected and methylation position,etc.The articles included 168 in English and 32 in Chinese.The whole and retained the articles were red about MDD and bipolar disorder related gene DNA methylation in recent five years.Results Eventually,the article includes 29 articles and two of in Chinese.Most of them are receptor gene epigenetics research associated with disease.Conclusion MDD and bipolar disorder are associated with the higher of DNA methylation levels in multiple gene promoter region,such as GR,BDNF,5-HTR,SLC6A4 and the lower of COMT.This article only from the perspective of affective disorder reviewed the relationship between DNA methylation and diseases.None of other diseases epigenetics research,there is to be perfected in future.

Objective To investigate the role of Heme oxygenase-1 in the effect of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBOP) against the brain edema formation after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats.Methods The study was carried out by animal experiment in two steps by using 54 Spradgue-Dawley rats weighting from 300-350 g.In the first step,rats were treated with HBOP (HBOP group,n =3) or with sham pre-conditioning (Sham pre-conditioning group,n =3).All the rats were sacrificed 24 h after the preconditioning,and basal ganglion of brain tissue was taken for detect HO-1 level by using western blot analysis.In the second step,rats were divided into 4 groups (n =12 in each group):HBOP +ZnPP group,in which rats had a micro-pump intra-peritoneally implanted containing a specific HO-1 inhibitor ZnPPⅨ (Zinc protoporphyrin IX,0.01 mg/kg),Sham pre-conditioning + Znpp group,HBOP + DMSO group,in which rats with a intra-peritoneal micro-pump containing 2 mL Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO,a solvent vehicle) and Sham pre-conditioning + DMSO group before HBOP.At 24 hours after the pre-conditioning,rats received an infusion of 100 μL autologous blood into the caudate nucleus to form a simulated intracerebrum hemorrhage (ICH),and were sacrificed 72 h later for brain water content measurements.All data were analyzed by using Stata 7.0 software and statistical analyses were carried out by two-tailed Student t test.Results Compared with the Sham pre-conditioning group,the HBOP group had significant higher level of HO-1.Compared with the Sham pre-conditioning + DMSO group,the HBOP + DMSO group had a significant lower level of water content in the ipsilateral basal ganglion [(81.4 ± 0.9) ％ vs.(82.6 ± 0.8) ％ (P ＜ 0.05)],however,peritoneal infusion of ZnPP Ⅸ before HBOP abolished HBOP-induced protection against brain edema formation after experimental ICH [(82.8 ± 0.9) ％ vs.(82.6 ± 0.7) ％ (P ＞ 0.05)].Conclusions Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning attenuate brain edema formation after experimental ICH in rats,and this protection is attributed to the activation of HO-1.

Aim To investigate the protective effect of rosiglitazone on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury inrats. Methods Transient focal cerebral ischemia injury model in rats was induced by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery for 2 h, followed by 24 h reperfusion. The infarct volume and neurological deficit were determined by the method of TTC staining and the Longa′s score, and used to evaluate the effect of rosiglitazone on cerebral injury. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in brain were measured by spectrophotometer. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the expression of intracellular adhesion molucule-1 (ICAM-1). The histopathological change was observed after HE staining. Results Pretreatment with rosiglitazone markedly reduced brain infarct volume and neurological deficit induced by transient ischemia, inhibited MPO activity, as well as expression of ICAM-1; it also decreased NO, MDA levels and NOS activity, increased SOD activity, and improved histopathological injury. Conclusion Rosiglitazone has a protective effect on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting inflammatory process and lipid peroxidation.

Objective To investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBOP) on brain edema, inflammatory reaction and neuronal cell apoptosis induced by experimental hemorrhage in rats. Method Eighteen male Spraque-Dawley rats, weighing 300 - 350 g,received five successive sessions of HBOP with 3 atmosphere absolute pressure and 100% O2 one hour daily for five successive days, and other eighteen rats received five successive sessions of pretreatment with one atmosphere absolute pressure, air, one hour daily for five successive days. Twenty-four hours after the final pre-conditioning, rats received an infusion of 100 μL autologous blood into the basal ganglion. Seventy-two hours later, rats were sacrificed for brain edema measurements in 12 rats of each group. The histopathological changes around the hematoma were observed microscopically, and the neuronal cell apoptosis was detected by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) in six rats of each group. Data of brain water content were analyzed by using Stata 7.0 software and statistical analysis was carried out by two-tailed Student t -test. Results Compared with the control group, HBOP significantly attenuated brain edema 72 hours after intra-cerebral hemorrhage in experimental rats (81. 6± 0. 7% vs. 82. 8± 0.9%, P < 0.01). Inflammatory cell infiltration and neuronal cell apoptosis were also significantly decreased in the HBOP group. Conclusions HBOP protects the rats against brain edema formation, and quells inflammatory reaction and neuronal cell apoptosis following intra-cerebral hemorrhage in experimental rats.