Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of common chronic complications associated with diabetes. In recent years, high-frequency ultrasound, ultrasound elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound have prodived novel approaches for DPN diagnosis. High-frequency ultrasound can effectively demonstrate the morphological alterations of the peripheral nerves, thereby establishing a morphological foundation for DPN diagnosis. Ultrasound elastography can reflect the functional status of the nerves affected by DPN by measuring the elastic changes of the peripheral nerves. Furthermore, contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be utilized to observe the blood perfusion of the target nerves, evaluate microcirculatory alterations in nerve tissue, and serve as references for DPN diagnosis. This paper reviews the progress of high-frequency ultrasound, ultrasound elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound in DPN diagnosis, aiming to provide references for application and promotion of these new ultrasound techniques in DPN early diagnosis.