Objective: To observe the effects of salvia miltiorrhizae compound (SMC) on serum endothelin (ET), TXB_2 and PGI_2 levels in patients undergoing CPB. Method: Twenty patients with congenital heart disease were randomly divided into control group (group Ⅰ) and treated group (group Ⅱ). SMC (200mg/kg) were given intravenously in group Ⅱ before operation and during rewarming, in group Ⅰ eqivalent volumes of normal saline were administered at the same time point. The serum ET,TXB_2 and PGI_2 levels were measured at preoperation (T_0) 5min (T_1), and 30min (T_2) following CPB, 10min (T_3), 30min (T_4) and 60min (T_5) following reperfusion, 24h (T_6) after operation. Result: In both groups,the serum ET level were increased significantly during reperfusion, but much less in group Ⅱ than that in group Ⅰ at T_4, T_5 and T_6(P

Objective To explore the risk factors of newly emerging advanced schistosomiasis patients in endemic areas.Methods The study areas were selected in two counties of Dongting Lake regions and a 1 :2 match case-control study was designed.Sixty schistosomiasis patients,who newly evolved into advanced schistosomiasis from 2006 to 2007,were selected into the case group,and 120 cases with chronic schistosomiasis into the control group.Questionnaires including potential risk factors of advanced schistosomiasis were designed and the information was collected based on face to face interviews.SPSS 12.0 was used to analyze the simple factors and multi ones (logistic regression) attributable to the development of advanced schistosomiasis.Results The history of hepatitis B (OR = 10.729),models of water contact (OR = 3.919) ,yearly exposure days to the infested water (OR = 5.457) and times of chemotherapy in the nearly 10 years(OR = 1.578) were the risk factors of development of advanced schistosomiasis.The times of examinations with positive schistosome eggs were protective factors.No association was found between yearly income,education degree,times of checking for schistosomiasis,times of examination with sera positive results and the emergence of advanced schistosomiasis.Conclusion The high frequency of exposure to the infested water,repeated infections,incomplete diagnosis and treatment are the risk factors of advanced schistosomiasis.The concurrent infection with hepatitis B is associated with the acceleration of development of advanced schistosomiasis.

Objective To investigate the protective effect and potential mechanisms of hypertonic sodium chloride hydroxyethyl starch solution (HSH) against the cerebral vasospasm (CVS) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).Methods Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned to four groups according to the random number table,with 6 rats in each group.The SAH-CVS model was reproduced by injection of the blood twice through the cisterna magna.Rats in both model and HSH treatment groups received 8 mL/kg normal saline (NS) or HSH treatment everyday via caudal vein.Rats in sham group were injected with 1.5 mL/kg NS into cisterna magna followed by 8 mL/kg NS treatment.Rats in normal group received no treatment.Rats were sacrificed to harvest basilar artery after 7 days.The thickness of vessel wall and lumen area were measured using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.The rate of apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) was assessed using flow cytometry.Caspase-3 activity was measured by a fluorometric assay.The expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 were determined by Western Blot.Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by H2DCFDA.Results Compared with normal group,increased thickness of vessel wall (μm:27.72 ± 1.94 vs.18.30 ± 1.10,P＜0.05),decreased lumen area (μm2:26 115 ± 1 991 vs.55 080 ± 2 091,P＜0.05),and elevation of rate of apoptosis of VSMCs [(35.05 ± 5.54) ％ vs.(5.93 ± 1.53) ％,P＜ 0.05] were found in model group.Compared with model group,decreased thickness of vessel wall (μm:22.55 ± 1.50 vs.27.72 ± 1.94,P＜0.05),increase of lumen area (μm2:48 115 ±2 460 vs.26 115 ± 1 991,P＜0.05),and depressed rate of apoptosis of VSMCs [(16.54 ± 5.94) ％ vs.(35.05 ± 5.54) ％,P＜ 0.05] were found in HSH treatment group.Caspase-3 activity,intracellular ROS level,Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in model group were (188.40 ± 19.35)％,(163.50 ± 17.02)％,(208.71 ± 26.04)％ and (44.52 ± 9.61) ％ of those of normal group,and the differences of these parameters between model and normal groups were statistically significant (all P＜0.05).Caspase-3 activity,intracellular ROS level,Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in HSH treatment group were (135.05 ± 19.52)％,(119.44 ± 11.50)％,(139.20 ± 18.04)％ and (85.35 ± 13.12)％ of those of normal group,respectively,and the differences of these parameters between HSH treatment and model groups were statistically significant (all P＜0.05).The differences of all measurements between sham and normal groups were not statistically significant.Conclusion The current results demonstrate that HSH attenuates the SAH-induced CVS,alleviates thickness of vessel wall,and increases lumen area via inhibition of VSMCs apoptosis.

Objective To explore the spatial-temporal characteristics and changing regularities of Schistosoma japonicum in-fections among human from 2004 to 2011. Methods The township level spatial databases of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2011 were established,and the related spatial analysis was performed by SPSS 17.0,ArcGIS 10.1 and SaTScan 7.03. Results The schistosome infection rate among human in Hunan Province sharply decreased from 3.0％in 2004 to 0.8％in 2011. However,the rate among residents in parts of some townships in 2011 was still hovering at a higher level (P90=2.12％),and the higher rate was distributed along the Oncomelania hupensis snail ridden areas outside embankment. The auto-correlation analysis showed that the global Moran's I for schistosome infection rate among human was 0.34 to 0.53 from 2004 to 2011,and was higher than the expected value(Z>8.71,P<0.05). The local G statistics indicated that the positive hotspot high-high clustering areas were mainly near the coast of Dongting Lake from 2004 to 2011,and the number of townships with schistosomiasis endemic in the clustering areas reached 30 to 70. The spatial scan analysis showed that the number of townships in the clustering areas ran up to 145 to 183 from 2004 to 2011. Conclusions The schistosome infection rate among human de-creased significantly in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2011. However,the rate in parts of some townships still remains at a com-paratively high level,and there are positive spatial correlation and spatial agglomerations in the schistosome infection rate among human,suggesting that the prevention and control work on schistosomiasis in these areas should be strengthened in the fu-ture.

PURPOSE: Hyperglycemia increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the resulting oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is one of the major sources of ROS production in diabetes. We, therefore, examined the possibility that NADPH oxidase activation is increased in various tissues, and that the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may have tissue specific effects on NADPH oxidase and tissue antioxidant status in diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Control (C) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) rats were treated either with NAC (1.5 g/kg/day) orally or placebo for 4 weeks. The plasma, heart, lung, liver, kidney were harvested immediately and stored for biochemical or immunoblot analysis. RESULTS: levels of free 15-F2t-isoprostane were increased in plasma, heart, lung, liver and kidney tissues in diabetic rats, accompanied with significantly increased membrane translocation of the NADPH oxidase subunit p67phox in all tissues and increased expression of the membrane-bound subunit p22phox in heart, lung and kidney. The tissue antioxidant activity in lung, liver and kidney was decreased in diabetic rats, while it was increased in heart tissue. NAC reduced the expression of p22phox and p67phox, suppressed p67phox membrane translocation, and reduced free 15-F(2t)-isoprostane levels in all tissues. NAC increased antioxidant activity in liver and lung, but did not significantly affect antioxidant activity in heart and kidney. CONCLUSION: The current study shows that NAC inhibits NADPH oxidase activation in diabetes and attenuates tissue oxidative damage in all organs, even though its effects on antioxidant activity are tissue specific.
Acetylcysteine/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antioxidants/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Heart/drug effects ; Kidney/drug effects/metabolism ; Liver/drug effects/metabolism ; Lung/drug effects/metabolism ; Male ; NADPH Oxidase/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo examine the effect of acute incisional pain on the expression of connexin 43 in rat spinal cord dorsal horn.

METHODSEighty rats were assigned into control group without any treatment and incisional pain group with incision surgery. For paw incisions, a 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin and fascia of the plantar aspect of the right hind paw. After surgery, the 50% paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was assessed in response to a tactile stimulus with calibrated von Frey monofilaments at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h, respectively. The spinal cord dorsal horn of rats was isolated at 1, 2, and 4 h after the surgery to assess the expression of connexin 43 using Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay.

RESULTSThe 50% PWT of the rats was significantly decreased after the incision surgery, and this decrement was the most obvious at 2 and 4 h. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay showed that the expression of connexin 43 in the spinal cord dorsal horn was significantly increased in rats receiving the surgery especially at 2 and 4 h after the surgery.

CONCLUSIONIncision surgery induces an significant increase in connexin 43 expression in rat spinal cord dorsal horn, suggestting an potential role of connexin43 in postoperative incisional pain.

Objective To evaluate the effect of propofol postconditioning on necroptosis during hy-poxia-reoxygenation (H∕R) injury in diabetic cardiomyocytes. Methods Normally cultured H9C2 cardio-myocytes were divided into 5 groups (n= 19 each) using a random number table: control group (group C), high glucose group (group HG), H∕R group, propofol postconditioning (group P) and solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control group (group DMSO). H9C2 cells were incubated for 48 h in DMEM culture medium containing 5. 5 and 25 mmol∕L glucose in group C and group HG, respectively. In group H∕R, H9C2 cells were incubated for 48 h in DMEM culture medium containing 25 mmol∕L glucose and then un-derwent H∕R. H9C2 cells were incubated for 48 h in DMEM culture medium containing 25 mmol∕L glucose and then underwent H∕R, and propofol at the final concentration of 50 μmol∕L was added at the onset of reoxygenation in group P. In group DMSO, H9C2 cells were incubated for 48 h in DMEM culture medium containing 25 mmol∕L glucose and then underwent H∕R, and DMSO at the final concentration of 150μmol∕L was added at the onset of reoxygenation. The model of cardiomyocyte H∕R injury was established by subjecting cardiomyocytes to 6 h of hypoxia followed by 12 h of reoxygenation. At 12 h of reoxygenation, the cell viability was measured by CCK8 assay, the product of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in culture medium was measured, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by flow cytometry, cardiomyo-cyte apoptosis was detected by TUNEL, and the expression of receptor-interacting protein 1 ( RIP1), RIP3, Bax, Bcl-2, activated caspase-3 and caspase-3 was determined by Western blot. The apoptotic rate and ratio of activated caspase-3∕caspase-3 were calculated. Results Compared with group C, the cell via-bility was significantly decreased, the product of LDH was increased, the level of ROS and apoptotic rate were increased, the expression of RIP1, RIP3 and Bax was up-regulated, the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated, and the ratio of activated caspase-3∕caspase-3 was increased in group HG ( P < 0. 05). Compared with group HG, the cell viability was significantly decreased, the product of LDH was increased, the level of ROS and apoptotic rate were increased, the expression of RIP1, RIP3 and Bax was up-regula-ted, the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated, and the ratio of activated caspase-3∕caspase-3 was in-creased in group H∕R (P<0. 05). Compared with group H∕R, the cell viability was significantly increased, the product of LDH was decreased, the level of ROS and apoptotic rate were decreased, the expression of RIP1, RIP3 and Bax was down-regulated, the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated, and the ratio of acti-vated caspase-3∕caspase-3 was decreased in group P (P<0. 05), and no significant change was found in the indexes mentioned above in group DMSO (P>0. 05). Conclusion The mechanism by which propofol post-conditioning ameliorates H∕R injury in diabetic cardiomyocytes may be related to inhibiting necroptosis.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between comorbidity and fall injury degree in elderly inpatients with falls.Methods:Using the method of retrospective study, 212 elderly patients with fall comorbidity in a tertiary general hospital from January 2017 to March 2020 were selected as the research objects. The clinical data were collected according to the degree of injury. The severity of comorbidity was evaluated by age adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI), and the relationship between the comorbidity and the degree of fall injury was analyzed.Results:The overall acci index of 212 patients was (7.21 ± 2.69) points, and the average number of comorbidities was (4.74 ± 2.20). Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in CCI ( F value was 10.806, P<0.001)、aCCI ( F value was 15.231, P<0.001), comorbid circulatory system diseases ( χ2 value was 9.580, P=0.022) , urinary system diseases ( χ2 value was 10.127, P=0.018) , endocrine system diseases ( χ2 value was 7.978, P=0.046) and comorbidities( F value was 3.093, P=0.028) among elderly patients with different injury degrees. Spearman correlation analysis showed that age, CCI, aCCI and the number of comorbidities were correlated with the degree of fall injury ( P<0.05). Logistic regression model showed that aCCI ( B value was 0.234, OR value was 1.264) was an independent predictor of fall injury. The area under the ROC curve was 0.652 (95% CI 0.579-0.725, P<0.001). Conclusions:The aCCI index can predict the degree of fall injury.

Objective To examine the effect of acute incisional pain on the expression of connexin 43 in rat spinal cord dorsal horn. Methods Eighty rats were assigned into control group without any treatment and incisional pain group with incision surgery. For paw incisions, a 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin and fascia of the plantar aspect of the right hind paw. After surgery, the 50% paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was assessed in response to a tactile stimulus with calibrated von Frey monofilaments at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h, respectively. The spinal cord dorsal horn of rats was isolated at 1, 2, and 4 h after the surgery to assess the expression of connexin 43 using Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. Results The 50%PWT of the rats was significantly decreased after the incision surgery, and this decrement was the most obvious at 2 and 4 h. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay showed that the expression of connexin 43 in the spinal cord dorsal horn was significantly increased in rats receiving the surgery especially at 2 and 4 h after the surgery. Conclusion Incision surgery induces an significant increase in connexin 43 expression in rat spinal cord dorsal horn, suggestting an potential role of connexin43 in postoperative incisional pain.

Objective To examine the effect of acute incisional pain on the expression of connexin 43 in rat spinal cord dorsal horn. Methods Eighty rats were assigned into control group without any treatment and incisional pain group with incision surgery. For paw incisions, a 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin and fascia of the plantar aspect of the right hind paw. After surgery, the 50% paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was assessed in response to a tactile stimulus with calibrated von Frey monofilaments at 1, 2, 4 and 24 h, respectively. The spinal cord dorsal horn of rats was isolated at 1, 2, and 4 h after the surgery to assess the expression of connexin 43 using Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay. Results The 50%PWT of the rats was significantly decreased after the incision surgery, and this decrement was the most obvious at 2 and 4 h. Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay showed that the expression of connexin 43 in the spinal cord dorsal horn was significantly increased in rats receiving the surgery especially at 2 and 4 h after the surgery. Conclusion Incision surgery induces an significant increase in connexin 43 expression in rat spinal cord dorsal horn, suggestting an potential role of connexin43 in postoperative incisional pain.