OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for rapid identification and efficient preparation of main ingredients in effective parts of Xinjiang Artemisia rupestris,and provide reference for researching the ethnic medicines. METHODS:LC-HRMS/MS was conducted for the preliminary study of main ingredients in effective parts of A. rupestris. HPLC,UV and MS were used to compare and analyze parts of the compounds and its reference substances,their names were determined. Column separation and preparative liquid chromatography were used for the undetermined compounds to receive monomer rapidly,and the structures were identified. RESULTS:5 compounds were separated from the effective parts,2 of which were identified as artemetin and casticin. A monomer-ic compound was obtained (yield was 0.35 mg/g,the purity was 98.5%),which was confirmed to be 6-demethoxy-4′-O-me-thoxy-capillarisin-7-O-β-D-glucoside by the structure. CONCLUSIONS:The method has achieved rapid separation,identification and preparation of target ingredients,which can be used for the fundamental research of ethnic medicine complex materials.

Objective To investigate the association of serum C peptide concentration with the severity and the outcome of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Methods The clinical data of 257 inpatients with DFU were collected, including fasting and postprandial 2h C peptide levels and C peptide area under curve (AUCCP ). The patients were followed up on the outcomes of ulcers and death. The associations of serum C peptide concentration with the Wagner degree, infection severity, and healing rate were analyzed. Results The medians of fasting and 2h postprandial serum C peptide as well as AUCCP were 1. 37(0. 02 ~ 9. 00) nmol/ L, 3. 22(0. 02 ~ 29. 61) nmol/ L, and 511. 65 (3. 60 ~ 2 691. 30)nmol·min-1 ·L-1 respectively, which were lower than general levels. The time of follow-up in our study was 2. 8 (1. 0 ~ 5. 1) years. By the end of study, the wound of 75. 88% patients was healed, 3. 5%undergone major amputation, and 23. 74% died. After adjusting for relative factors, there were no significant associations of serum fasting and postprandial C peptide levels and AUCCP with Wagner degree and infection severity (P>0. 05). Cox regression analysis showed that the fasting plasma C peptide and hemoglobin were the independent protective factors for the healing of ulcers; old age, male, higher infection degree, and diabetes family history were their independent risk factors ( all P < 0. 05). Conclusions The lower plasma fasting C peptide concentration in patients with DFU is not correlated with Wagner degree and infection severity, but closely related with healing rate.

OBJECTIVE:To compare the differences between artificially cultivated and wild Xinjiang Artemisia rupestris,and screen the different components. METHODS:HPLC-MS was adopted to establish the fingerprints of artificially cultivated and wild Xinjiang A. rupestris from different origin and harvest time. Principal component analysis was conducted by Marker ViewTM soft-ware and SIMCA-P 11.5 software,the characteristics of principal components were analyzed,difference variable was screened, and different components of artificially cultivated and wild varieties were obtained. RESULTS:Fingerprints of 22 batches of A. rup-estris(12 batches of wild varieties,10 batches of artificially cultivated varieties)were established. According to the principal com-ponent analysis,artificially cultivated and wild varieties were well grouped,with obvious differences;the principal components of artificially cultivated varieties with different harvest time showed certain difference,mainly before and after flowering,concentrat-ing in to-be flowering and full flowering periods. Wild varieties from different origins had obvious regional difference,showing cer-tain differences in composition and content. 268 variables were found in matrix of positive ion mode and 155 in negative ion mode. 28 groups of variables were extracted by difference variable,and 19 variables were determined. CONCLUSIONS:Artificially culti-vated and wild varieties have obvious difference in principal component,mainly in flowering period and picking places. It can pro-vide theoretical basis for the standardized cultivation and origin protection of Xinjiang A. rupestris.

Objective To explore the distribution of pathogenic micro-organisms in the diabetic patients with foot infection,and to investigate the characteristics of the pathogen distribution and its relationship with the severity of diabetic foot ulcer( DFU ).Methods Ninety diabetic foot patients with positive culture of micro-organisms were classified into Wagner 1-5 grades according to the severity of DFU,which was ranked as mild,moderate,and severe infection based on the gradient of infection.The family,genus,and strain of micro-organisms were analyzed,and associated factors were discussed in regard to the kinds and severity of DFU and infection.Results With rising Wagner's grades and aggravating infection,the bacterial floras were transformed from gram-positive cocci( 61.1％ in Wagner 1 ) to gram-negative rods( 80.0％ in Wagner 5),at the same time,composite( 10.0％ to 28.6％ ) and opportunist ( 83.3％ to 100％ ) infections were increased.Wagner's grade,severity of infection,previous treatment,patients' age,control of blood glucose,course of DFU,etc,were all related to types of infection and opportunist infection ( P＜0.05 ).Conclusions Proportion of gram-negative bacilli with opportunist composite infection seems to increase in patients with severe DFU and severe infection requiring appropriate application of antibiotics.

Objective To estimate heart function among patients with diabetic foot ulcer,and to investigate the characteristics of heart failure(HF) before and after treatment of ulcer. Methods Items associated with diabetes and some physiological and biochemical indicators were observed in patients with diabetic foot ulcer(162 cases) and with high risk factors of ulcer(75 cases). Heart function was evaluated at patients′ admission, during ulcer related treatment, and prior to discharge. Left ventricular ejection fraction and other cardiac assessment were measured with ultrasonic scan.Results During hospitalization, 23.6%(56/237) patients underwent HF with normal left ventricular ejection fraction, and it was 27.2%(44/162) in patients with foot ulcers. The prevalence of HF was 8.9%(21/237) in all patients studied on admission, and that was 10.5%(17/162) in patients with foot ulcer, more than that without foot ulcer(P＜0.01). More patients with HF were found, being 14.8%(35/237) during 2-7 days after ulcer related treatment initiated, and peak was on the 4th day. There was statistical difference among different Wagner grades(P＜0.05) about the morbidity rate of HF. All patients with HF were improved and tolerant to ulcer related treatment. Conclusion The prevalence of HF with normal left ventricular ejection fraction was relatively high in patients with diabetic foot ulcer, especially after ulcer treatment.

Objective To determine the safety and the therapeutic efficacy of autolagous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHST) in newly-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods Fifteen patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus were enrolled. Hematopoietic stem cells were mobilized with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and then collected from peripheral blood by leukapheresis and cryopreserved. The cells were injected intravenously after conditioning with cyclophosphamide and rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Serum levels of HbA1c, C-peptide levels, and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab)titers were measured before and after AHST. Meanwhile, adverse event was recorded.Results The average age of 18 patients (6 males and 12 females)was ( 18.8±4.4 )years, the mean follow-up was ( 414± 150 ) days. 67 % ( 12/18 ) patients became insulin free, the earliest one happened at 2 weeks after AHST, and the latest one at 6 months. 4 cases resumed insulin use because of influenza and other reasons resulting in the rise of blood glucose level. Currently, 8 patients (44.4%) were completely free of insulin therapy, and the remaining cases reduced the insulin dosage by 67.3% ±22.4%. 18 cases had lowered GAD-Ab level, the negative rate was 33.3% (6/18 ). Fasting and postprandial 2 h C-peptide levels increased significantly after A HST. Area under the curve for C-peptide ( AUCC ) increased much more markedly, and it could be maintained for 1 year. Duringtransplantation,all patients had varying degrees of gastrointestinal reactions, hair loss, fever, bone marrow suppression, and other side effects. 5 patients received blood component transfusion. No damage or other severe adverse events of heart, liver, kidney, and other organs were observed. Most side effects gradually disappeared after 2-4 weeks. The recovery of neutropenia was the slowest. Conclusion Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of newly-onset type 1 diabetes with residual islet function showed a certain effect and high safety. The widened use of this new technique should be cautious until the therapeutic mechanism has been further studied.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of peiminine on increasing the chemosensitivity of 5 kinds of cancer cells. METH-ODS:Using human esophageal cancer Eca-109 cell,human breast cancer MCF-7 cell,human small cell lung cancer A549 cell,hu-man hepatoma HepG2 cell and human cervical cancer HeLa cell as objects,MTT colorimetric method was used to detect the growth inhibition rate of above-mentioned 5 kinds of cancer cells after treated by peiminine with maximal non-toxic mass concentra-tion(20 μg/mL)and adriamycin with different gradient mass concentrations(0.026-2.1,0.026-2.1,0.125-2.0,0.125-2.0,0.0625-0.10μg/mL)for 72 h. The half inhibitory concentration(IC50)was calculated. Crystal violet staining method was adopted to observe the proliferation of above-mentioned cancer cells after treated by peiminine with maximal non-toxic mass concentration and adriamycin with low mass concentrations(0.02,0.005,0.04,0.02,0.01 μg/mL)for 7 d. Solvent control,single use of peiminine and adriam-ycin control were conducted. RESULTS:Compared with single use of adriamycin,the combination use of peiminine and adriamy-cin can improve the growth inhibition rate of 5 kinds of cancer cells to certain degree,most of the differences were statistically sig-nificant (P<0.05 or P<0.01);and IC50 was obviously decreased,with statistical significances (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with solvent control,single use of peiminine or adriamycin had no obvious effects on the proliferation of above-mentioned cancer cells in 7 d,and the combination use of peiminine and adriamycin can obviously inhibit the proliferation of above-mentioned cancer cells in 7 d. CONCLUSIONS:Peiminine can enhance the sensitivity of above-mentioned-mentioned 5 kinds of cancer cells to cer-tain degree,showing certain chemosensitivity increasing effect.

Objective Most common infected bacteria were found to analyze their effects on clinical characteristics and 3-year outcome of patients with diabetic foot ulcer ( DFU ) . Methods Materials of cases with positive bacterial culture were selected from DFU patients. 203 cases were infected with the most common 6 strains of mono-bacteria, and 62 cases were infected with multi-bacteria. Data were grouped according to the most common 6 infected bacteria. The outcomes of healing, recurrence, amputation, cardiac events, cerebrovascular events and death were calculated of 3 years after hospitalization. Clinical characteristics of mono-and multi-infected groups and these 6 mono-bacterial infection groups, and risk factors to outcome were analyzed. Results No significant difference was found in baseline clinical characteristics, cardiac and cerebrovascular events, and death during follow-up between mono-and multi-infected groups. The most common 6 infected bacteria were staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, proteus, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae. Among these groups, there were no significant differences of baseline clinical characteristics and recurrence, cardiac and cerebrovascular events, and death except for the foot ulcer and foot ulcer related prognosis. In staphylococcus aureus infected group, severe lower extremity arterial disease (8.5％), Wagner grade 3-5 (48.9％), moderate and severe infection rate (34.0％) were significantly lower than other groups, and the healing rate ( 93. 6％) was higher than other groups ( all P<0.05). Severe lower extremity arterial disease, cardiac function grading over 3(NYHA), eGFR<60 ml·min-1· (1.73 m2)-1, duration of DFU over 30 days were the main risk factors for ulcers′healing. Wagner grade over 3 was main risk factor for minor amputation. Severe lower extremity arterial disease, Hb<90g/L were the main risk factors for major amputation. Cardiac function grading over 3 ( NYHA ) was main risk factor for cardiac events, and also for death. ALB<30 g/L was main risk factor for death (all P<0.05). Conclusion DFU patients infected with different strains of bacteria were significantly different in foot ulcer and healing rate, while not in cardiac and cerebrovascular events and death.

OBJECTIVE：To establish a method for the simultaneous determination of euphol and euphorbol in Euphorbium resinifera，and to optimize the extraction technology. METHODS ：HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C 8 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water （90∶10，V/V）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm，and column temperature was 30 ℃. The sample size was 10 μL. Using the contents of euphol and euphorbol ，yield of the extract as evaluation index ，comprehensive score was conducted. The extraction technology was optimized by L （9 34）orthogonal tests ，with ethanol volume fraction ，extraction time and solvent dosage as factors. RESULTS：The linear ranges of euphol and euphorbol were 0.030 4-1.216 mg/mL（r＝0.999 6）and 0.01-0.4 mg/mL（r＝0.999 9）， respectively. RSDs of precision ，stability（24 h）and producibility tests were all lower than 2％. Average recoveries were 100.46％ （RSD＝1.03％，n＝6）and 99.36％（RSD＝0.91％，n＝6）. The optimized technology was extracting with 40 mL 95％ ethanol for 1 h. After 3 times of validation tests showed that average content of euphol was 94.43 mg/g（RSD＝0.92％，n＝3），and that of euphorbol was 25.42 mg/g（RSD＝0.98％，n＝3）；average yield of the extract was 51.42％（RSD＝1.95％，n＝3），and average comprehensive score was 98.87（RSD＝0.92％，n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS ：Established method is simple ，accurate and reproducible ， which can be used for the quality control of E. resinifera . The optimized extraction technology is simple and stable.

Objective Secondary infection with pseudomonas aeruginosa( PA) in diabetic foot ulcer( DFU) was analyzed to investigate the related risk factor, antibiotic resistance, and prognoses of the infection. Methods Pathogen cultures were carried out in 966 DFU patients with their clinical data collected. All of the patients were followed-up for two years to observe the outcomes, including ulcer healing, amputation, recurrence of ulcers, non-fatal cardiovascular events, and death. The antibiotic susceptibility, risk factors and associated outcome of secondary PA infection were analyzed. Results Total incidence of PA infection was 13. 0％ in DFU patients, of which 38. 1％was secondary. The susceptibility rates of secondary infected PA to tobramycin, meropenem, eftazidime, levofloxacin, cefepime, and cefepime were similar to those in primary infected PA. However, the susceptibility rates of secondary infected PA to piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, imipenen, gentamicin, aztreonam, and amikacin decreased by 12％ to 22％ as compared with primary infected PA. The healing rate was much lower in patients with secondary PA infection compared with those with primary PA infection, and the accumulated healing rates at2yearswere44.44％ and70.4％ (P=0.01) respectively. Theriskofulcerhealingfailurewithintwoyears increased by 3 folds in patients with secondary PA infection. After adjusting for age, sex, Wagner grade, infection grade, and duration of DFU, plasma albumin level was an independent risk factor for secondary PA infection in patients with DFU(P=0. 001). Conclusions The antibiotics susceptibility rates of secondary infected PA were lower than those of primary infected PA. Secondary PA infection in DFU was less likely to be healed. Plasma albumin level was a risk factor for secondary PA infection.