Objective To investigate the anatomy of the skull base for minimally invasive keyhole approach to sellar lesions.MethodsSixty-seven samples of adult skull bone(134 sides) were collected and sawed at the levels of the supraorbital arch and anterior skull base.After inspecting the opening of the frontal sinus,we observed the appearance of the orbit roof(cerebral juga),and measured the maximum height of the two cerebral jugas.Afterwards,the operation distances and angles with regard to the anterior and posterior clinoid processes through the trans-upper orbit,trans-lateral front,trans-pterion,and trans-sub-temple keyhole approaches in 15 skull bone samples were measured.And then,we statistically analyzed the variance in these measurements among the four operative approaches.ResultsOf the 67(134 sides) adult skull bone samples,52 sides showed frontal sinus openness(38.8%,52/134).Most of the skull bases were clawed(multicuspidity or oblique ridge multicuspidity).The maximum height of the cerebral juga that was less than 2.50 mm was found in 36 sides(26.9%),and over 2.51 mm in 98 sides(73.1%).Among the four methods,the shortest distances between the keyhole and the anterior and posterior clinoid processes were found in the trans-sub-temple keyhole approach [(4.87?0.47) cm and(4.93?0.45) cm],and the longest were observed in the trans-lateral front keyhole approach[(6.45?0.30) cm and(7.83?0.54) cm],and trans-upper orbit keyhole approach[(6.47?0.28) cm and(8.31?0.34) cm].The angle between the sagittal section and the keyhole in the trans-lateral front keyhole approach [(40.83?1.11) ? and(37.86?1.37)?] was larger than that in the trans-upper orbit one [(10.23?0.90) ? and(12.29?0.86)?],while the angle between the cross section and the keyhole in the trans-sub-temple keyhole approach [(21.21?0.45) ? and(20.10?0.63)?] was larger than that in the trans-pterion one [(5.49?0.30)? and(9.84?0.58)?].ConclusionsThe size of the frontal sinus,shape and height of the cerebral juga,depth of the skull base operation,and angle between the operational and the skull base planes play important roles in the selection of minimally invasive keyhole approach for sellar lesions.

BACKGROUND: Encopresis after operation for congenital.ectopic anus can cause psychological, physiological and social ability disorders.OBJECTIVE: To treat the children with encopresis with biofeedback training so as to improve the function of post-operative defecation.DESIGN: A self-controlled trial.SETTING: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Clinical College of China Medical University.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 20 cases of encopresis after treatment with operation for ectopic anus,were recruited from the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Second Clinical College of China Medical University, between January 1998 and October 2004. Among them, there were 4 cases of complete encopresis, 7 cases of loose encopresis and 9 cases of blotch. All the cases were followed up. There were 9 cases of ectopic anus in the middle and lower parts, and 11 cases of ectopic anus at the high part.METHODS: The objective measuring methods of biofeedback training such as anorectal pressure and anus sphincter electromyography were used to train the patients with postoperative encopresis. After one-month self-directed training in anus contraction and defecation habit, the children received proper biofeedback training. ① Biofeedback training to strengthen the muscles around the anus twice per day. The portable biofeedback-training machine was taken home after the children patients could automically contract the muscles around the anus 3 weeks later. ② Biofeedback training to improve rectal sensitivity and coordination of anus sphincter, and repeated training in expanding saccus. A normal defecation reflex was established. Anus sphincter presented reflex contraction to prevent encopresis once the rectum expanded. ③ Defecation training was performed for 30 minutes after meals every day. ④ Electrostimulation combined with biofeedback training was performed for 10 minutes twice a day for 3 or 4 consecutive weeks.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The maximum contraction anal pressure, vector volume, and electromyographic amplitude of external sphincter of anus; ② positive rate of anorectal contraction reflex of the children patients before and after training.RESULTS: According to actual treatment analysis, all the 20 children patients entered the result analysis. ① In middle and lower parts groups, the maximum contraction anal pressure increased from (11.87±5.61) kPa before training to (24.88±16.58) kPa after training; in high part group, they increased from (5.76±3.84)kPa to (18.18±13.71) kPa (P＜ 0.05). ② In middle and lower parts groups, the vector volume increased from (139.17±130.02) cm (cm Hg)2 to 608.10±131.06 cm·(cmHg)2, whereas in high group it increased from (117.01±74.35) cm(cm Hg)2 to (452.17±69.43) cm(cm Hg)2 (P＜ 0.05). ③ In middle and lower parts groups, the electromyographic amplitude of external sphincter of anus increased from (152.20±37.42) μV to (324.12±67.78) μV; in high part group, it rose from (114.08±51.41)μV to (266.18±49.38)μV (P ＜ 0.05). ④ The positive rate of anorectal contraction reflex improved from pretraining 55％ (11/20) to post-training 90％ (18/20).CONCLUSION: After biofeedback training, the maximum contraction anal pressure, anorectal sensitivity and the coordination of anus external sphincter, defecation habit, and contractibility of external sphincter of anus were all improved obviously, especially in those with ectopic anus in the middle or lower parts. Anus external sphincter function can be improved to the uttermost so as to cure encopresis.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of JIN’s three needle therapy plus rehabilitation in treating mental retardation (MR).Method Seventy-two MR patients were randomized into a treatment group of 37 cases and a control group of 35 cases. The control group was intervened by conventional rehabilitation training, while the treatment group was treated with JIN’s three needle therapy in addition to the rehabilitation training. The modified Chinese version of Gesell Developmental Schedules (GDS) was adopted to observe the improvements in gross and fine motor skills, language, social function and adaptability, and the clinical efficacies were compared between the two groups. Result In the treatment group, the adaptability, gross motor skills and fine motor skills scores were significantly changed after the intervention (P<0.05). In the control group, the gross and fine motor skills scores were significantly changed after the intervention (P<0.05). After the treatment, there were significant differences in comparing the gross and fine motor skills scores between the two groups (P<0.05). In the treatment group, the total effective rates were respectively 93.1% and 62.5% in the mild-moderate and severe-extremely severe patients, versus 76.9% and 44.4% in the control group. There was a significant difference in comparing the total effective rate in the mild-moderate patients between the two groups (P<0.05).Conclusion JIN’s three needle therapy plus rehabilitation is an effective approach, and it can significantly improve the gross and fine motor skills and adaptability in mild-moderate MR patients.

Objective To investigate the impact of LY294002 on the proliferation of cancer stem cell-enriched spheroid cells from human hepatocellular carcinoma via regulating phosphatidylinositol-3-kinaseprotein kinase B(PI3K-Akt)signaling pathway. Methods The cancer stem cell-enriched spheroid cells were genera-ted by culturing HepG2 cells in serum-free medium. LY294002(10,20,30 μmol/ L),an inhibitor of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,was used in the experimental groups,without used in the control group. The impact of LY294002 on the spheroid cells proliferation was confirmed by cell counting kit(CCK-8 kit). The expression of Akt was tested by Western blotting. The expression of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway downstream genes such as decoy receptor 3(DcR3),mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),B-cell lymphoma(Bcl)-2 and Cyclin D1 were tested by real-time PCR. Results 30 μmol/ L LY294002 could inhibit the proliferation of spheroid cells, and significant difference in the absorbance(A value)was observed between the experimental group and control group[(0. 14 ± 0. 03)vs(0. 56 ± 0. 01),t = - 8. 915,P = 0. 000]. The expression level of phosphorylated Akt protein increased[(0. 57 ± 0. 08)vs(0. 16 ± 0. 42),t = 6. 027,P = 0. 026]. The mRNA of DcR3 [(0. 38 ± 0. 08)vs 1,t = 13. 060,P = 0. 006],mTOR[(0. 37 ± 0. 04)vs 1,t = 30. 363,P = 0. 001],Bcl-2 [(0. 26 ± 0. 04)vs 1,t = 33. 554,P = 0. 001]and Cyclin D1[(0. 10 ± 0. 02)vs 1,t = 63. 528,P = 0. 000] decreased. Conclusion LY294002 could inhibit the proliferation of cancer stem cell-enriched spheroid cells from human hepatocellular carcinoma via inhibiting PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Objective:To compare the clinical effect of combined anterior and posterior approach and posterior median approach to treat O'Driscoll type III b fracture of ulnar coronoid process.Methods:A retrospective case control study was made on 67 patients with O'Driscoll type III b fracture of ulnar coronoid process treated in Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2015 to January 2019, including 35 males and 32 females, aged from 21 to 61 years [(38.0±9.4)years]. Among them, 31 patients were treated with combined anterior and posterior approach for reduction and internal fixation (combined approach group), and 36 patients with median posterior elbow approach group for reduction and internal fixation (posterior elbow approach group). The operation time, amount of intraoperative blood loss and fracture healing time were compared between groups. The visual analogue score (VAS), elbow joint range of motion and Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) were assessed for pain and function evaluation at postoperative 1, 3, 6 months and at the last follow-up. The occurrence of complications were observed as well.Results:All patients were followed up for 12 to 28 months [(20.1±4.2)months]. There was no significant difference in operation time and VAS between the two groups ( P>0.05). The intraoperative blood loss [(133.6±20.3)ml] and fracture healing time [(12.3±1.7)months] in combined approach group were less or shorter than those in posterior elbow approach group [(144.4±22.1)ml, (13.2±2.0)months] ( P<0.05). The range of flexion and extension of elbow joint in combined approach group [(88.7±10.8)°, (111.1±13.9)°, (121.3±14.1)°, (127.1±13.3)°] was higher than that in posterior elbow approach group [(74.5±11.8)°, (97.6±12.6)°, (111.3±13.0)°, (115.2±12.7)°] at postoperative 1, 3, 6 months and at the last follow-up ( P<0.05). The MEPS in combined approach group [(31.7±8.6)points, (55.6±9.3)points, (84.6±10.5)points, (85.0±10.3)points] was higher than that in posterior elbow approach group [(27.2±8.2)points, (50.7±8.7)points, (77.4±11.2)points, (80.1±9.4)points] at postoperative 1, 3, 6 months and last follow-up ( P<0.05). The incidence of complications in combined approach group [10%(3/31)] was lower than that in posterior elbow approach group [31%(11/36)]( P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared with the simple posterior elbow median approach, the combined anterior and posterior elbow approach for treatment of O'Driscoll type IIIb fracture of ulnar coronoid process has lower intraoperative blood loss, faster fracture healing, lower incidence of complications and better elbow function.

Objective To investigate the effects and mechanisms of shRNA interfered with expression of leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) on the malignant behaviors of colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs).Methods The experimental study was conducted.The CSCs expressing Lgr5+ were sorted by fluorescence activated cell sorting.Lgr5+ cells that were transfected with Lgr5-shRNA lentiviral vector and nontarget shRNA lentiviral vector were respectively allocated into the experimental group and control group.The percentage of Lgr5+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometery.The relative expression of Lgr5 mRNA was detected by fluorescence quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).The capacity of self-renewal was detected by sphere forming assay.The tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo were respectively measured by colony formation assay and xenografting experiment.The mRNA expressions of stem cells related genes (Oct4,Sox2,Nanog,KLF4),CSCs genes (CD133,CD44,ALDH) and Wnt/β-catenin pathway key genes (Axin2,Wnt5a,Wnt3a,Fzd3,c-myc,VEGF,Ascl2,claudin-1) were detected by qRT-PCR.Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as-x±s.Comparison between groups was analyzed using the t test.Results (1)Transfection efficiency of shRNA lentiviral vector induced Lgr5 by flow cytometery was respectively 6.8％± 1.0％ in the experimental group and 92.7％±3.3％ in the control group,with a statistically significant difference (t =43.148,P＜0.05).The relative expression of Lgr5 mRNA measured by qPT-PCR was respectively 0.168±0.057 in the experimental group and 1.148±0.004 in the control group,with a statistically significant difference (t=28.778,P＜0.05).(2) The capacity of self-renewal was detected by sphere forming assay.The results of sphere forming assay:the number of spheres was 29±6 in the experimental group and 410± 10 in the control group,with a statistically significant difference (t =41.070,P＜0.05).The results of colony formation assay:the numbers of colonies in the experimental group and control group were respectively 72±4 and 412± 19,showing a statistically significant difference (t =31.433,P＜ 0.05).The results of tumorigenesis:the volumes of tumors in the experimental group and control group were respectively (81± 15)mm3 and (328±24)mm3,with a statistically significant difference (t=11.304,P＜0.05).(3) The effects of Lgr5 down-regulation on related genes,results of qRT-PCR detection:① The mRNA relative expressions of Oct4,Sox2,Nanog and KLF4 (stem cells related genes) were 0.377±0.093,0.662±0.104,3.591±0.300,0.425±0.091 in the experimental group and 1.957± 0.026,2.137±0.015,5.831±0.165,1.536±0.014 in the control group,with statistically significant differences (t=23.079,22.261,8.446,19.186,P＜0.05).② The mRNA relative expressions of CD133,CD44 and ALDH (CSCs genes) were 1.490±0.155,5.535±0.487,1.640±0.039 in the experimental group and 2.488± 0.061,9.908±0.332,5.718±0.292 in the control group,with statistically significant differences (t =8.170,9.667,27.849,P＜0.05).③The mRNA relative expressions of Axin2,Wnt5a,Wnt3a,Fzd3,c-myc,VEGF,Ascl2 and claudin-1 genes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were respectively 1.592±0.267,0.528±0.138,2.153±0.078,1.480±0.064,0.248±0.128,1.492±0.025,0.658±0.095,1.647±0.087 in the experimental group and 3.651±0.224,2.570±0.093,2.301±0.157,1.636±0.058,1.415±0.080,2.610±0.159,2.480±0.123,3.432±0.273 in the control group.There were statistically significant differences in the mRNA relative expressions of Axin2,Wnt5a,c-myc,VEGF,Ascl2 and claudin-1 genes between the 2 groups (t =7.316,15.332,12.649,12.320,14.831,9.063,P＜0.05),and no statistically significant difference in the mRNA relative expressions of Wnt3a and Fzd3 between the 2 groups (t =2.887,2.242,P＞0.05).Conclusion The malignant behaviors of colorectal CSCs are suppressed after shRNA lentivirus interfered with expression of Lrg5,and its mechanism is related to inhibiting activity of Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Objective:To investigate the physicochemical and biological properties of different magnesium modified calcium phosphate bone cements.Methods:The different magnesium modified calcium phosphate bone cements were divided into magnesium citrate, magnesium lactate, magnesium malate, magnesium phosphate and magnesium glycinate groups, each of which was added with different magnesium agents in the proportion of 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% of the total weight of calcium phosphate bone cements. The initial and final setting time, injectability, anti-collapse performance and compressive strength of different magnesium modified calcium phosphate bone cements were tested. Furthermore, the screened bone cement extracts were used to culture with third generation osteoblasts. Bioactivity assays were performed using the Cell Proliferation and Toxicity Assay Kit (CCK-8). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining were performed on osteoblasts to observe the osteogenic activity of magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements.Results:The addition of different proportions of different magnesium agents led to the shortening of the initial and final setting time of modified calcium phosphate bone cements. Moreover, the final setting time of 5% magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements was the shortest (<40 minutes), which was significantly shorter compared with other magnesium agents in the same proportion (all P<0.05). With the addition of different magnesium agents in different proportions, the injectability of bone cements was gradually increased, and the injectability of 5% magnesium malate calcium phosphate bone cements reached the highest for (87.3±1.9)%, which was significantly increased compared with other magnesium agents in the same proportion (all P<0.05). The anti-collapse performance of bone cements was decreased with the addition of different magnesium agents in different proportions. Magnesium citrate, magnesium phosphate and magnesium glycinate modified calcium phosphate bone cements could not resist the flushing of deionized water. In particular, magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements had the best anti-collapse performance, with the maximum weight loss rate for only (9.8±2.3)% after 30 minutes of deionized water flushing, which was better than the rest of the groups (all P<0.05). The compressive strength of magnesium lactate and magnesium phosphate modified calcium phosphate bone cements showed a decrease compared with original calcium phosphate bone cements, while the compressive strength of magnesium citrate and magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements was significantly increased compared with original calcium phosphate bone cements, of which 3% magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements had the greatest compressive strength of (6.2±0.2)MPa, significantly higher than the rest of the groups (all P<0.05). The sieve test yielded magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cement, which had a weight loss of (27.0±0.9)% at 35 days in vitro. The release of magnesium ions was increased with increasing magnesium malate dose in the in vitro environment of magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements in different ratios. A stable magnesium ion release was achieved within 35 days.Also, the pro-proliferative and osteogenic effects of modified calcium phosphate bone cements on osteoblasts were more obvious with increase of magnesium malate dose. For 5% magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements, the cell number, ALP staining area ratio and calcium nodule area ratio were significantly increased compared with the groups in the proportion of 0% and 1% magnesium malate (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Among magnesium citrate, magnesium lactate, magnesium malate, magnesium phosphate and magnesium glycinate modified calcium phosphate bone cements, magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements have relatively suitable setting time, excellent anti-collapse performance and mechanical strength. Meanwhile, 5% magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements have better biological activity among different ratios of magnesium malate modified calcium phosphate bone cements, suggesting a potential value for clinical application.

Objective:To study the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic radical cholecystectomy in the treatment of stage Ⅲ gallbladder cancer.Methods:The clinical characteristics and postoperative follow-up data of 184 patients (male 66, and female 118) who underwent radical cholecystectomy for stage Ⅲ gallbladder cancer at Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, from May 2015 to May 2022, were retrospectively analyzed. The age was (67.0±8.6) years old (range 38 to 85 years old). There were 71 patients in the laparoscopic group and 113 in the open group. The general medical data, surgery-related indicators and complications were analyzed. Follow-up was completed by outpatient visits and by telephone.Results:The laparoscopic group showed better postoperative alanine aminotransferase [67.5 (40.0, 138.5) vs. 104.0 (45.0, 252.2) U/L] and aspartate aminotransferase [41.5 (26.0, 71.2) vs. 53.0 (30.2, 153.5) U/L] recovery, higher albumin levels [32.05 (30.18, 35.20) vs. 30.50 (27.70, 33.50) g/L], earlier abdominal drainage tube removal [8.00(6.00, 10.25) vs. 10.00(6.00, 13.00)d], shorter hospital stay [10.00(8.00, 15.25) vs. 14.00(9.00, 19.00) d] and lower incidences of complications [(14.1%(10/71) vs. 31.9%(36/113)] when compared with the open group (all P<0.05). The 1 year (49.1% vs 61.0%), 2 years (24.0% vs. 28.5%), 3 years (16.0% vs. 14.5%) overall survival ( P=0.640), and the 3 years progression-free survival (18.3% vs. 15.0%, P=0.463) showed no significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusion:Laparoscopic surgery for AJCC TNM stage Ⅲ gallbladder cancer showed comparable results with open surgery. When compared with open surgery, laparoscopic radical resection of gallbladder cancer had the advantages of earlier removal of abdominal drainage tube, lower incidence of postoperative complications, and shorter hospital stay.

Objective:To study the effect of preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) on postoperative complications after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by propensity score matching analysis.Methods:Of 1 666 patients with HCC undergoing hepatectomy in Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Tianyou Hospital of Wuhan University of Science and Technology from March 2015 to March 2021 were retrospectively screened. Of 262 patients were enrolled, including 236 males and 26 females, aged (50.3±11.8) years. Of 131 patients were enrolled in both the single surgery group and the combined group (preoperative TACE + surgical resection). Factors affecting the complications after hepatectomy in patients with HCC were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression method.Results:After matching the propensity score, the incidence of postoperative complications in the single surgery group was 22.1% (29/131), lower than that in the combined group [41.2% (54/131), χ 2=11.02, P<0.001]. The incidence of bile leakage in the single surgery group [2.3% (3/131)] was also lower than that in the combined group [(9.2% (12/131), χ 2=5.73, P=0.017]. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the combined group ( OR=2.43, 95% CI: 1.28-4.61, P=0.007) had an increased incidence of postoperative complications, so did patients with a preoperative alpha-fetoprotein > 400 μg/L, anatomic hepatectomy, long operation time, and hilar occlusion. Conclusion:Preoperative TACE could be a risk factor for postoperative complications in patients with HCC, especially for the postoperative biliary leakage.

When nanoparticles were introduced into the biological media, the protein corona would be formed, which endowed the nanoparticles with new bio-identities. Thus, controlling protein corona formation is critical to