Patients are exposed to both the internal radiation from radiopharmaceutical and the external radiation from the X-rays during PET/CT examination. Estimating patients′ radiation dose from whole body PET/CT examination could eliminate their apprehension and give clinical physicians guidance about whether the patients need to perform PET/CT examination. The calculation methods, influencing factors, cancer risk of PET/CT imaging and how to reduce the radiation dose are reviewed in this paper.

Objective The clinical results of leukemia improved significantly due to the application of arsenic trioxide(As 2 O 3 ).This compound was used in inducing apoptosis on osteosarcoma cell lines and its mech anism was explored.Methods Human osteosarcoma MG-63cell line was cultured and treated with0.25,0.5,1,2,4and8?mol/L As 2 O 3 .The cell line was measured at24,48,72,96and120h after As 2 O 3 infiltration.MTT assay,phase contrast light microscopy,fluorescence staining,TUNEL,flow cytometry anal-ysis and RT -PCR were used to investigate the inducing apoptosis and inhibitative effect of As 2 O 3 on os-teosarcoma MG-63cell line.Results As 2 O 3 could inhibit the reproduction of osteosarcoma cell line MG-63significantly,the inhibitive rates of MG-63cell line treated with As 2 O 3 over1?mol/L reached70%.Un -der phase contrast light microscopy and fluorescence staining,osteosarcoma cells cultured with As 2 O 3 pre sent -ed typical apoptotic changes.The majority of cells cultured with As 2 O 3 were positive with TUNEL.Flow cy tometry analysis showed a time-dose dependent apoptosis rate and a remarkable G 2 /M phase arrest.The ex pression of c-myc was decreased in MG-63cells treated with As 2 O 3 .Conclusion As 2 O 3 is able to in duce osteosarcoma apoptosis effectively.The expression of decreasing c-myc is an important mechanism in induc-ing osteosarcoma MG-63cells apoptosis.

Objective To provide a series of surgical approaches for treatment of bone lesions in ankle and foot. Methods Based on the anatomic investigations,vascularized cuboid bone,medial cuneiform bone,navicular bone and lateral part of calcaneum bone grafting were designed for repaired bone lesions in the area of ankle and foot,and applied to 55 clinic cases. Results Forty-eight cases among them were followed up from 1 year to 10 years,4 years and 6 month in average,the results were satisfactory. Conclusion The designed four types of vascularized tarsal bone flaps are easy and reliable for dissection because of their superficial pedicle.

Objective To assessed the ability of FK506 and antilymphocyte serum(ALS) to induce mixed chimerism and tolerance for knee composite tissue allograft in rabbits without chronic immunosuppression. Methods Male Flap-eared rabbits were used as donors,and female New Zealand white rabbits were used as recipients. Vascularized heterotopic knee allotransplantation was performed. Treatment consisted of ALS(1 ml/kg) only,FK506(0.5 mg/kg) only and a combination of FK506 and ALS which were administered 24h before transplantation. ALS was administered intraperitoneally every day in the first three days. FK506 was administered gastric intubation every day for fifteen days. Survival times of knee allografts were observed. Donor specific hematopoietic chimerism and histology sections were tested. Results Survial time of knee allografts with ALS single was(17.4?1.8)d,and(23.8?1.5)d with FK506 single,(40.4?2.9)d with FK506 and ALS,contrasting with(13.6?0.8)d of control. Chimerism rate show a stabilization of 3 weeks above 10% after protocol discontinue in groups with FK506 and ALS. Conclusions Short-term administration of FK506 and ALS in this ways prolong survival time of vascularized knee allograft in rabbits and could maintain mixed chimerism and tolerance for 3 weeks.

Objective To explore the effect of pharmacological preconditioning wtith low-dose FK506 reducing subsequent ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit knee joint and to explore the possible mechanism of that. Methods Twenty four animal model of allograft heterootopic knee joint were established and divided randonly into three groups: IR group ( Ischemia-reperfusion group), KK506 group ( FK506 preconditioning group) and ST group(Sham control group). Vessels were clamped for 1 hour, and then grafts received reper-fusion. Tissues(for example muscles tissues) of pro-ischemia and reperfusion after 12 hours were obtained, and they were observed by microscope and electron microscope and were at aiysised with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction( RT-PCR) , Western Blot, DNA ladder, flow cvtometer. Moreover, the contents of MDA , NO and SOD in these tissues were examined by spectrophotometer Results As a result, we observed disoranized tissues and swollen cells in IR groups but trenchant tissues and intact cells in FK506 groups by microscope, vaeuolated and tumid mitochondrion in IR groups but non-vacuolated and intact that in FK506 groups. With FK506 preconidtioning, the contents MDA and NO were distiactly reduced but significant raised in FK506 group. Compared with IR group, DNA ladder of FK506 group were weakly, and apoptotic raetes reduce from 20% to 10% and the expression of TNF, IL-1 , Fas and FasL mRNA obviously down-regulated. At the same time, expression of HSP70 significantly up-regulated on protein and mRNA levels with RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis in FK506 group. Conclusion Pharmacological preconditioning with low-dose FK506(0. 3mg/kg) can induce tolerance of ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit allograft knee joint. Over-expression of HSP70 may he key factor of that.

Objective:To determine the content of notoginsenoside R1 , ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in Shuxuening capsules. Meth-ods:The three constituents were determined on a Hypersil ODS-2 C18 column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elution using acetonitrile (A) -aqueous solution (B) (0-8 min, 20%A→20%A, 8-40 min, 20%A→30%A, 40-60 min, 30%A→45%A) at the detection wavelength of 203 nm with a flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1 . The column temperature was 25℃ and the injection volume was 20μl. Results:The calibration curve showed good linearity within the concentration range of 0. 05-0. 50 mg·ml-1 for notogisenoside R1 , and 0.20-2.00 mg·ml-1 for ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1(r =0.999 9). The average relative recovery was 98.79%, 98.42% and 98. 89% for each constituent(RSD=0. 85%, 0. 97% and 0. 74%, respectively, n=6). The intra-day RSD was 0. 49%, 0. 20% and 0. 39%, and the inter-day RSD was 0. 75%, 0. 56% and 0. 51%, respectively. The RSDs of stability test and repeatability test were less than 1%. Conclusion:The method is simple with good accuracy and repeatability, which can be used for the determination of no-toginsenoside R1 , ginsenoside Rg1 and Rb1 in Shuxuening capsules.

Objective To compare 18F-FDG、11C-MET and 11C-CHO PET/CT in rat C6 glioma and inflammation models and observe their correlations with HIF-1α and VEGF expressions.Methods Thirtytwo male Wistar rats were included to bear both C6 glioma and turpentine oil-induced acute inflammation (AI).18F-FDG,11C-MET and 11C-CHO PET/CT were performed on rats.The SUVmax ratios of tumor-tomuscle (T/M),AI-to-muscle (AI/M) and tumor selectivity index (SI) were calculated.One-way analysis of variance and two-sample t test were used for statistical analyses.HIF-1α and VEGF expression was detected by immunohistochemical staining.Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between T/M ratios and the expressions of HIF-1α or VEGF.Results T/M ratios of 18F-FDG,11 C-MET and 11C-CHO in C6 glioma were 6.89±2.53,2.75±0.87,2.73±1.01,and the AI/M were 4.77±2.21,1.75±0.66,2.23±0.90 respectively.The 18F-FDG and 11C-MET uptake between C6 glioma and AI were significantly different(tFDG =2.133,tMET =3.267,both P＜0.05).The SIMET was significantly higher than SIFDG(t =2.600,P＜0.05).The 11C-CHO uptake between tumor and inflammation showed no significant difference(t=1.537,P＞0.05).T/M ratios of 18F-FDG and 11C-MET were positively related to HIF-1α and VEGF expressions(rs =0.725,0.637,0.621,0.764,all P＜0.05).The T/M ratio of 11C-CHO related only to VEGF (rs =0.682,P＜0.05).Conclusions 18F-FDG and 11 C-MET PET/CT may differentiate C6 glioma from AI,and 11 C-MET PET/CT seems more tumor-selective.11C-CHO PET is less valuable for the differential diagnosis.The 18F-FDG and 11 C-MET uptake of C6 glioma may be related to tumor hypoxia.All the three tracers could reflect tumor angiogenesis,but with different sensitiveness.

Objective To develop a model of malignant risk prediction of solitary pulmonary nodules(SPN) with the metabolic characteristics of the lesion.Methods A total of 362 patients (291 malignant cases and 71 benign cases;194 males,168 females;median age:61 years) who underwent PET/CT imaging from January 2013 to July 2017 were analyzed.The diagnosis of malignant SPN was based on pathological results,and that of benign SPN was based on pathological or follow-up results.Differences of clinical/imaging characteristics in patients with benign and those with malignant SPN were analyzed.Risk factors were screened by multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analysis.The self-verification of the model was done by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis,out-of-group verification was performed by k-fold cross-validation.Results There were statistically significant differences in age,maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax),size,lobulation,spiculation,pleural traction,vessel connection,calcification,vacuole,and emphysema between patients with benign and malignant nodules (all P＜0.05).The risk factors for malignant nodules included age,SUVmax,size,lobulation,calcification and vacuole.The odds ratio (OR) values (95％ CI) were 1.040(1.007-1.075),1.612(1.287-2.017),1.149(1.074-1.230),4.650(2.138-10.115),0.216(0.085-0.548),and 3.043(1.302-7.111),respectively.The logistic regression model was as follows:P=1/(1+e-x),x=-5.583+0.039×age+0.477×SUVmaxx+0.139×size+1.537×lobulation-1.532×calcification+ 1.1 13×vacuole.The estimated area under the curve (AUC) for the model was 0.915(95％ CI:0.883-0.947),sensitivity was 89.7％,specificity was 78.9％.K-fold cross-validation showed that the training accuracy was 0.899±0.011,the predictive accuracy was 0.873±0.053.Conclusions The risk factors for malignant nodules included age,SUVmax,size,lobulation,calcification and vacuole.After verification,the model has a satisfactory accuracy.It may help clinics make accurate decisions.